Английская Википедия:Irish declension

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Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:IPA-ga notice The declension of Irish nouns, the definite article, and the adjectives is discussed on this page (for pronouns, see Irish Grammar).

Nouns

Gender

Nouns in Irish are divided into two genders, masculine and feminine; the Old Irish neuter gender no longer exists. While gender should be learned when the specific noun is learned, there are some guidelines that can be followed:

Generally, nouns in singular form ending with broad consonants are masculine, while those ending in a slender consonant are feminine.

There are some exceptions, mostly dealing with specific endings and suffixes; for example, words ending in Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang (with a slender Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA respectively) are categorically masculine, while words ending in Шаблон:Lang (with a broad Шаблон:IPA) are feminine. This leads to some unexpected gender assignments, such as Шаблон:Lang "boy scout" being feminine, and Шаблон:Lang "girl" masculine (the diminutive Шаблон:Lang suffix is always masculine irrespective of the noun it applies to).

Case

Irish has four cases: common (usually called the nominative, but it covers the role of the accusative as well), vocative, genitive, and the dative or prepositional case.

Nominative

The nominative is used in the following functions:

1. Sentence subject

   Шаблон:Lang "The cat is drinking."

2. Sentence object

   Шаблон:Lang "Seán broke the window."

3. Predicate of the copula

   Шаблон:Lang "He is an idiot."

4. Object of the prepositions Шаблон:Lang "without", Шаблон:Lang "(up) to" and Шаблон:Lang "like, as".

   Шаблон:Lang "without the money"

   Шаблон:Lang "(up) to the time"

   Шаблон:Lang "like the hen"

Vocative

The vocative is used in direct address, and is always preceded by the particle Шаблон:Lang, which triggers lenition (the vocative particle is not pronounced before a vowel sound). The first declension is the only declension in which the vocative is distinct from the nominative.

• Шаблон:Lang "Where are you, son?"
• Шаблон:Lang "Seán, come here!"

Genitive

The genitive indicates possession and material of composition:

• Шаблон:Lang "the man's hat"
• Шаблон:Lang "the woman's children"
• Шаблон:Lang "the bishop's candelabras"
• Шаблон:Lang "a ring of gold, a golden ring"
• Шаблон:Lang "shoes of leather, leather shoes"

The object of a verbal noun also requires the genitive:

• Шаблон:Lang "(the act of) spending money"

The object of a compound preposition is in the genitive. Formally, these prepositions are actually prepositional phrases.

• Шаблон:Lang "behind the door" (lit. "on the back of the door")
• Шаблон:Lang "one month long" (lit. "for the duration of one month")
• Шаблон:Lang "for Ireland's sake"

Dative/Prepositional

The dative/prepositional is used as the object of most simple prepositions except Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang. In standard language, the dative is almost always identical to the nominative. Some dialects, however, have distinct standalone datives in the second and fifth declensions. In the standard language, only two words Шаблон:Lang ("Ireland") and Шаблон:Lang ("twenty") have distinct datives - Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang, respectively. They are also found in certain fixed phrases with nouns of the second declension, such as Шаблон:Lang ("above", lit. "over head" – Шаблон:Lang is the old dative of Шаблон:Lang ("head")).

• Шаблон:Lang "at the father"
• Шаблон:Lang "out of the house"
• Шаблон:Lang "on the bread"
• Шаблон:Lang "in an orange"
• Шаблон:Lang "to hell"
• Шаблон:Lang "with the money"
• Шаблон:Lang "from Ireland"

Declension

There are five recognized declensions in Irish. The makeup of the declensions depends on three factors:

1. the gender of the noun
2. the formation of the genitive singular
3. relation of genitive singular to nominative plural

The following chart describes the characteristics of each declension class:

	Nom. sing. ends with:	Gen. sing. ends with:	Gender
First declension	Broad consonant	Slender consonant	Masculine
Second declension	Broad or slender consonant	-e/-í	Feminine with rare exceptions
Third declension	Slender or broad consonant	-a	Masculine or feminine
Fourth declension	Vowel or -ín	(no change)	Masculine or feminine
Fifth declension	Vowel or slender consonant	Broad consonant	Mostly feminine

First

The first declension is made up of masculine nouns. The nominative singular ends in a broad consonant, which is made slender in the genitive singular. The most common formation of the plural has the opposite pattern: the nominative ends in a slender consonant, the genitive in a broad consonant (these plurals are known as weak plurals in comparison with strong plurals which maintain identical endings for all cases in the plural). The dative is identical to the nominative in both numbers, although an obsolete dative plural in Шаблон:Lang is still sometimes encountered in old-fashioned literary style.

Шаблон:Lang "boat"	Singular	Plural
Nominative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Vocative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Genitive	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Dative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang (obsolete Шаблон:Lang)

When Шаблон:IPA in the gen. sing. and nom. pl. of a polysyllabic word is made slender, it also becomes voiced, thus:

• Шаблон:IPA > Шаблон:IPA > Шаблон:IPA. The resulting Шаблон:IPA is written -Шаблон:Vr and is pronounced Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, or Шаблон:IPA, depending on dialect.

Шаблон:Lang "a horseman"	Singular	Plural
Nominative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Vocative	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Genitive	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Dative	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang (obsolete Шаблон:Lang)

Some nouns undergo a vowel change before the slender consonant of the genitive singular/nominative plural:

• Шаблон:Lang - an (internal) organ, component part
• Шаблон:Lang - a sole, coin
• Шаблон:Lang - a head
• Шаблон:Lang - a man
• Шаблон:Lang - a fish
• Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA - a son (note: the first consonant is made slender in the gen.sg./nom.pl. as well)
• Шаблон:Lang - a hole

Many words of this declension form the plural with one of the endings -(a)í, -ta, -tha, -anna. These are known as "strong plural" endings, which means the plural is identical in all cases in the standard language. Some examples:

• Шаблон:Lang, gen. sg. Шаблон:Lang, pl. Шаблон:Lang - a fair
• Шаблон:Lang, gen. sg. Шаблон:Lang, pl. Шаблон:Lang - a way
• Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, gen. sg. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, pl. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA - a car
• Шаблон:Lang, gen. sg. Шаблон:Lang, pl. Шаблон:Lang - a voice
• Шаблон:Lang, gen. sg. Шаблон:Lang, pl. Шаблон:Lang - a child
• Шаблон:Lang, gen. sg. Шаблон:Lang, pl. Шаблон:Lang - a cloud
• Шаблон:Lang, gen. sg. Шаблон:Lang, pl. Шаблон:Lang - a rose
• Шаблон:Lang, gen. sg. Шаблон:Lang, pl. Шаблон:Lang - a summer
• Шаблон:Lang, gen. sg. Шаблон:Lang, pl. Шаблон:Lang - a story
• Шаблон:Lang, gen. sg. Шаблон:Lang, pl. Шаблон:Lang - fruit

Some nouns have a weak plural (a plural where the genitive is different from the nominative, and is identical to the form of the nominative singular) in -a:

• Шаблон:Lang, gen. sg. Шаблон:Lang, nom. pl. Шаблон:Lang, gen. pl. Шаблон:Lang - a right
• Шаблон:Lang, gen. sg. Шаблон:Lang, nom. pl. Шаблон:Lang, gen. pl. Шаблон:Lang - a trick
• Шаблон:Lang, gen. sg. Шаблон:Lang, nom. pl. Шаблон:Lang, gen. pl. Шаблон:Lang - an apple

Other strong plural formations are found in:

• Шаблон:Lang - road
• Шаблон:Lang - judge
• Шаблон:Lang - verb
• Шаблон:Lang - skull
• Шаблон:Lang - door
• Шаблон:Lang - professor
• Шаблон:Lang - light

Second

The second declension is made up of mostly feminine nouns, and features a nominative singular form that can end in either a broad or a slender consonant. The genitive singular ends in a slender consonant followed by -e. The most common plural form has a broad consonant followed by -a in the nominative, and a broad consonant alone in the genitive. The vocative has the same endings as the nominative, as does the dative in standard language.

Шаблон:Lang "shoe"	Singular	Plural
Nominative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Vocative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Genitive	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Dative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA  (obsolete/dialectal Шаблон:Lang)	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA  (obsolete Шаблон:Lang)

Шаблон:Lang "tear"	Singular	Plural
Nominative/Dative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Vocative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Genitive	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA

In Connacht Irish and Waterford Irish it is often the case that all nouns of the second declension in the nom. sg. end with a slender consonant (e.g. Шаблон:Lang "a shoe").

In some Munster varieties as well as the old literary language, the dative singular is distinct and ends in a slender consonant alone (in effect the dative sg. is formed by dropping the -e from the genitive sg.), e.g. Шаблон:Lang "in my shoe" (historically, nominative forms like Шаблон:Lang are descended from the old dative).

When Шаблон:IPA in the gen. sing. is made slender, it is also voiced, so Шаблон:IPA > Шаблон:IPA > Шаблон:IPA. Шаблон:IPA becomes Шаблон:IPA, and is written -(a)í.

Шаблон:Lang "little girl"	Singular	Plural
Nominative/Std. dative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Vocative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Genitive	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Nonstandard Dative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA (obsolete/dialectal)	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA (obsolete)

Many words in this declension form a strong plural with one of the endings -t(h)a,-te, -(e)acha or -eanna:

• Шаблон:Lang "place"
• Шаблон:Lang "forest"
• Шаблон:Lang "daughter"
• Шаблон:Lang "work"
• Шаблон:Lang "sky"
• Шаблон:Lang "country"
• Шаблон:Lang "wave"
• Шаблон:Lang "egg"

Other strong plural formations are found in:

• Шаблон:Lang - tooth
• Шаблон:Lang - shoulder
• Шаблон:Lang - knife (irregular genitive singular)
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) - mountain (irregular genitive singular and masculine gender)

Third

The third declension is made up of masculine and feminine nouns. It is characterized by the genitive singular in -a. The majority of nouns in this class form the plural in -(a)í. The final consonant of the stem may be broad or slender: it retains its quality in the plural, but is always broad in the genitive singular.

	Singular	Plural
Nominative/Vocative/Dative	broad or slender cons.	-(a)í
Genitive	broad cons. + -a	-(a)í

Шаблон:Lang (m.) "boatsman"	Singular	Plural
Nominative/Dative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Vocative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Genitive	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA

Шаблон:Lang (m.) "race"	Singular	Plural
Nominative/Dative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Vocative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Genitive	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA

Feminine nouns in -áint or -úint lose their Шаблон:Vr in the gen. sg.; those in -irt have -Шаблон:Vr- instead of -Шаблон:Vr- in the gen. sg.

• Шаблон:Lang (f.) "threat"
• Шаблон:Lang (f.) "dialect"

Many words in this declension form the plural with one of the endings -anna or -acha:

• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "time"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "soul"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "back"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "lake"
• Шаблон:Lang (f.) "fight, struggle"

Some words in Munster Irish also have a separate dative form:

• nom. Шаблон:Lang, dat. Шаблон:Lang, gen. Шаблон:Lang, pl. Шаблон:Lang (m.) "back"

Fourth

The fourth declension is made up of masculine and feminine nouns. It is characterized by a genitive singular that is identical in form to the nominative/vocative/dative singular. The singular may end in a vowel or a consonant (usually the diminutive suffix -ín). The most common plural ending is -(a)í.

	Singular	Plural
All cases	Vowel or consonant (usually -ín)	-(a)í

Шаблон:Lang (m.) "wall"	Singular	Plural
Nominative/Genitive/Dative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Vocative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA

Шаблон:Lang (f.) "(piece of) advice"	Singular	Plural
Nominative/Genitive/Dative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Vocative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA

Шаблон:Lang (m.) "girl"	Singular	Plural
Nominative/Genitive/Dative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Vocative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA

Many words of this declension form the plural with the following endings -tha/-t(h)e, -((e)a)nna or -((e)a)cha:

• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "animal"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "attorney"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "village"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "bus"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "son-in-law"
• Шаблон:Lang (f.) "wound, sore"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "nut"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "outhouse; eye of a needle"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "law"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "dozen"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "ray, radius"
• Шаблон:Lang (f.) "goose"
• Шаблон:Lang (f.) "shirt"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "saying"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "king"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "last name"
• Шаблон:Lang (f.) "language, tongue"
• Шаблон:Lang (f.) "fire"

Other strong plural formations are found in:

• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "name"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "characteristic, symptom"
• Шаблон:Lang (f.) "commandment"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "bank (of river etc.)"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "race, tribe"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "person, human being"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "blacksmith"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "business"
• Шаблон:Lang (f.) "night"

One noun in this class has a weak plural:

• Шаблон:Lang (f.) - cow

Fifth

The fifth declension is made up mostly of feminine nouns and is characterized by a genitive singular that ends in a broad consonant that has been added to the nominative/vocative/dative singular. The most common plural is strong, formed by adding -a to the genitive singular.

	Singular	Plural
Nominative/Vocative/Dative	Vowel or slender consonant	Gen. sg. + -a
Genitive	broad consonant	Gen. sg. + -a

Шаблон:Lang "person"	Singular	Plural
Nominative/Dative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Vocative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Genitive	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA

Шаблон:Lang "city"	Singular	Plural
Nominative/Dative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Vocative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Genitive	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA

In some Munster Irish varieties as well as the old literary language, the dative singular is distinct and ends in a slender consonant (in effect the dative sg. is formed by palatalizing the genitive sg.), for example, Шаблон:Lang "to a person", Шаблон:Lang "from the city". In Шаблон:Lang "Ireland" the dative Шаблон:Lang is still used in the standard language.

Some words form the genitive singular by changing the final consonant of the nominative singular to broad. The plural is then strong -eacha.

• Шаблон:Lang "river"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "father"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "brother"
• Шаблон:Lang "mother"

Other strong plural formations are found in:

• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "brother (monk), friar"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "friend"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "enemy"
• Шаблон:Lang "Christmas"

Some nouns have weak plurals; here the genitive singular and genitive plural have the same form:

• Шаблон:Lang - sheep
• Шаблон:Lang - duck

Verbal nouns

The most productive verbal nouns end with -(e)adh (1st conjugation) or -(i)ú (2nd conjugation). These originally belonged to the third declension, but synchronically are best regarded as separate declensions.

The 1st conjugation verbal noun in -(e)adh has a genitive singular in -te/-ta and a plural in -t(a)í.

• Шаблон:Lang "breaking"
• Шаблон:Lang "praising; recommendation"

The 2nd conjugation verbal noun in Шаблон:Lang has a genitive singular in Шаблон:Lang and a plural in Шаблон:Lang. These endings are pronounced the same regardless of the spelling distinction.

• Шаблон:Lang "examining, examination"
• Шаблон:Lang "stretching"

Irregular nouns

The following nouns are declined irregularly:

• Шаблон:Lang (f.) "woman"
• Шаблон:Lang (f.) "sister"
• Шаблон:Lang (f.) "drink"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "God"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "day"
• Шаблон:Lang (f.) "bed"
• Шаблон:Lang (f.) "month"
• Шаблон:Lang (f.) "sea"
• Шаблон:Lang (f.) "wool"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) or Шаблон:Lang (f.); Шаблон:Lang "land"
• Шаблон:Lang (m.) "house"

Articles

The definite article has two forms in Irish: Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang. Their distribution depends on number, case, and gender, and they trigger mutation partly on the basis of the initial sound of the following word. Each entry of the table gives an example of one noun starting with a consonant and one with a vowel.

	Singular		Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	both genders
Nominative	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
Dative (i)	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
Dative (ii)	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
Genitive	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang	na gcat na n-éan

Dative (i) is used with all prepositions in Ulster usage; in Munster and the standard language it is used only with Шаблон:Lang "from the", Шаблон:Lang "to the", and Шаблон:Lang "in the" but there are also Munster dialects in which only Шаблон:Lang triggers lenition and Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang eclipse, as with every other article-preposition compound. In Connacht Шаблон:Lang eclipses whereas Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang lenite. Dative (ii) is used outside Ulster with other prepositions.

The article never mutates a following Шаблон:Vr or Шаблон:Vr in the singular, and Шаблон:Vr is lenited to Шаблон:Vr (pronounced Шаблон:IPA-ga) rather than the usual Шаблон:Vr. Шаблон:Vr furthermore lenites in both dative (i) and (ii) in the singular with feminine nouns but does not lenite at all with masculine nouns.

It does, however, eclipse Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr in Munster dialects and forms like "Шаблон:Lang" instead of the usual pattern "Шаблон:Lang", which is used in all other dialects, do occur.

There is no indefinite article in Irish, so depending on context Шаблон:Lang can mean "cat" or "a cat".

Adjectives

Almost all adjectives in Irish can be used either predicatively or attributively. A predicative adjective is one that forms a part of the predicate, like red in the sentence The car is red. An attributive adjective directly modifies a noun, as in the red car.

A predicate adjective in Irish does not inflect:

• Шаблон:Lang "That man is small."
• Шаблон:Lang "Those men are small."
• Шаблон:Lang "This woman is small."
• Шаблон:Lang "These women are small."

A predicate adjective expressing a value judgment is often preceded by the particle Шаблон:Lang. This particle attaches Шаблон:Vr to a following vowel.

• Шаблон:Lang "I'm fine" (lit. "I am good.")
• Шаблон:Lang "The story is bad."
• Шаблон:Lang "The weather was beautiful."

In Ulster, Шаблон:Lang is not generally used in these cases.

An attributive adjective mostly follows the noun and is inflected:

• Шаблон:Lang "the small man"
• Шаблон:Lang "of the small man" (genitive)

There are four classes of declension of adjectives in Irish, which correspond to the first four declensions of nouns:

	Nom. sg. ends with:	Gen. sg. masc. ends with:	Gen. sg. fem. ends with:
1st decl.	broad cons.	slender consonant	slender consonant + -e
2nd decl.	slender cons.	slender consonant	slender consonant + -e
3rd decl.	slender cons. (mostly -úil)	slender consonant	broad consonant + -a
4th decl.	vowel	= nom. sg.	= nom. sg.

First declension

Шаблон:Lang "poor"	Masc. sg.	Fem. sg.	Plural
Nominative	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang
Genitive	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang "lame"	Masc. sg.	Fem. sg.	Plural
Nominative	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang
Genitive	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang

Second declension

Шаблон:Lang "quiet"	Masc. sg.	Fem. sg.	Plural
Nominative	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang
Genitive	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang

Third declension

Шаблон:Lang "brave"	Masc. sg.	Fem. sg.	Plural
Nominative	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang
Genitive	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang "just"	Masc. Sg.	Fem. Sg.	Plural
Nominative	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang
Genitive	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang

Fourth declension

This declension does not inflect, but it does mutate.

Шаблон:Lang "hard"	Masc. sg.	Fem. sg.	Plural
Nominative	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang
Genitive	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang

Irregular adjectives

Masc. sg. nom. & gen.	Fem. sg. nom.	Fem. sg. gen.	Pl. nom./gen.	Gloss
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"beautiful"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"fine"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"difficult"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"short"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"still"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"fast"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"hot"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"dry"

Notes

• The nominative plural undergoes lenition only if the noun ends with a slender consonant: Шаблон:Lang "lame cats". Otherwise, the adjective in the nominative plural does not lenite: Шаблон:Lang "lame tailors".
• The long form of the genitive plural (e.g. Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang) is used when the noun has a strong plural, e.g. Шаблон:Lang "of lame mothers". The short form (e.g. Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang) is used when the noun has a weak plural, e.g. Шаблон:Lang "of lame cats".
• The dative has the same form as the nominative.
• The vocative has the same form as the nominative except in the masculine singular of the 1st/2nd declension, where it has the same form as the genitive.

Comparative

Irish adjectives have a comparative form equivalent to the comparative and superlative in English. The comparative does not undergo inflexion and is the same as the feminine singular genitive in regular and many irregular adjectives.

Regular formation

Base form	Comparative form	Gloss
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"beautiful/more beautiful"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"lame/lamer"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"poor/poorer"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"quiet/quieter"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"just/more just"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"hard/harder"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"difficult/more difficult"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"short/shorter"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"brave/braver"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"still/stiller"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"fast/faster"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"dry/drier"

Irregular forms

Base form	Comparative form	Gloss
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"small/smaller"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"fine/finer"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"possible/more possible"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"long/longer"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"near/nearer"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"easy/easier"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"many/more"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"beloved, dear/more beloved, dearer"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"good/better"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"bad/worse"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"hot/hotter"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang	"strong/stronger"
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	"big/bigger"

Syntax of comparison

There are two constructions to express the comparative:

1) Copula + comparative form + subject + Шаблон:Lang ("than") + predicate. The preterite of the copula causes lenition, while the present tense does not.

• Шаблон:Lang "Cáit was stronger than Cathal."
• Шаблон:Lang "Seán is bigger than me."
• Шаблон:Lang "The dog was younger than the cat."
• Шаблон:Lang "Broken Irish is better than clever English."

2) Шаблон:Lang + comparative + Шаблон:Lang + predicate. Шаблон:Lang is used if the sentence is in the present or future tense.

Шаблон:Lang, which triggers lenition, is used if the sentence is in the past tense. Шаблон:Lang is used before words starting with vowels and Шаблон:Lang before those starting with consonants.

• Шаблон:Lang "The sun is brighter than the moon."
• Шаблон:Lang "Peadar will be richer than his father."
• Шаблон:Lang "Peadar became richer than his father."
• Шаблон:Lang "Seán was bigger than me."

A superlative is expressed as a relative clause: noun + Шаблон:Lang + comparative form.

• Шаблон:Lang "the strongest girl" (lit. "the girl who is the strongest")
• Шаблон:Lang "the strongest girl" (lit. "the girl who was/would be the strongest")
• Шаблон:Lang "the youngest boy" (lit. "the boy who is the youngest")
• Шаблон:Lang "the youngest boy" (lit. "the boy who was/would be the youngest")

References

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book