Английская Википедия:Irish round tower
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:EngvarB Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox building
Irish round towers (Шаблон:Lang-ga (singular), Шаблон:Lang (plural); literally 'bell house') are early medieval stone towers of a type found mainly in Ireland, with two in Scotland and one on the Isle of Man. As their name Шаблон:Lang indicates, they were originally bell towers, though they may have been later used for additional purposes.
A tower of this kind is generally found in the vicinity of a church or monastery, with the door of the tower facing the west doorway of the church. Knowledge of this fact has made it possible, where towers still exist, to determine without excavation the approximate sites of lost churches that once stood nearby.
Construction and distribution
Surviving towers range in height from Шаблон:Convert to Шаблон:Convert, and Шаблон:Convert to Шаблон:Convert in circumference; that at Kilmacduagh being the highest surviving in IrelandШаблон:Dubious (and leaning Шаблон:Convert out of perpendicular).[1] The masonry differs according to date, the earliest examples being uncut rubble, while the later ones are of neatly joined stonework (ashlar).[2] The lower portion is solid masonry with a single door raised two to three metres above, often accessible only by a ladder. Within, in some, are two or more floors (or signs of where such floors existed), usually of wood, and it is thought that there were ladders in between. The windows, which are high up, are slits in the stone. The cap (roof), is of stone, usually conical in shape, although some of the towers are now crowned by a later circle of battlements.[2]
The main reason for the entrance-way being built above ground level was to maintain the structural integrity of the building rather than for defence. The towers were generally built with very little foundation. The tower at Monasterboice has an underground foundation of only sixty centimetres. Building the door at ground level would weaken the tower. The buildings still stand today because their round shape is gale-resistant and the section of the tower underneath the entrance is packed with soil and stones.
The distance from the ground to the raised doorway is somewhat greater than that from the first floor to the second; thus large, rigid steps would be too large for the door. Excavations in the 1990s, revealing postholes, confirm that wooden steps were built. However, the use of ladders prior to the construction of such steps cannot be ruled out.
The towers were probably built between the 9th and 12th centuries. In Ireland about 120 examples are thought once to have existed; most are in ruins, while eighteen to twenty are almost perfect. There are three examples outside Ireland. Two are in eastern Scotland: the Brechin Round Tower and the Abernethy Round Tower, and the other is in Peel Castle on St. Patrick's Isle, now linked to the Isle of Man.
Famous examples are to be found at Devenish Island, and Glendalough, while that at Clondalkin is the only round tower in Ireland to still retain its original cap. With five towers each, County Mayo, County Kilkenny and County Kildare have the most. Mayo's round towers are at Aughagower, Balla, Killala, Meelick and Turlough, while Kildare's are located at Kildare Cathedral (which is Шаблон:Convert high), and also at Castledermot, Oughter Ard, Taghadoe (near Maynooth) and Old Kilcullen. The only known round tower with a hexagonal base is at Kinneigh in County Cork, built in 1014. The round tower at Ardmore, County Waterford, believed to be the latest built in Ireland (c. 12th century), has the unique feature of three string courses around the exterior.[3]
Purpose
It is likely that the primary reason for the round tower was—as the name cloigtheach indicates—to act as a belfry. The Irish word[4][5] for round tower, cloigtheach, literally meaning bellhouse indicates this, as noted by George Petrie in 1845. The Irish language has greatly evolved over the last millennium. Dinneen[4] notes the alternate pronunciations, cluiceach and cuilceach for cloigtheach. The closely pronounced cloichtheach means stone-house or stone-building.[4] The round tower seems to be the only significant stone building in Ireland before the advent of the Normans in 1169–1171 CE.
UCD Professor of Archaeology Tadhg O'Keeffe[6] has suggested that the towers were originally high-status royal chapels, citing how two of them (Kells and Duleek) were scenes of regicide. He also suggested that the windows were arranged clockwise to imitate the order of relic-carrying procession from the elevated door to the very top.[7]
Another possible purpose would be for taking shelter during raids. The mostly enclosed top floors and stone rooftops would make for terrible belltowers. The elevated doorway could have had a ladder that would be drawn up during raids, and the thick stone walls could withstand most attacks. Since the doors always face where a church stood, this also adds weight to the theory they were where monks would evacuate to.[8] The oldest reference to a round tower (the one at Slane, see below) records its use as a refuge - however in this case it was burnt by the Vikings, killing everyone inside.
Modern symbolic towers
In Ireland
Daniel O'Connell's tomb at Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin had a round tower built above it after his burial in 1847.
At what is now the Irish National Heritage Park at Ferrycarrig in County Wexford, there is a 19th-century copy of a round tower. It was erected to the memory of the Wexford men who fell in the Crimean War.
Adjacent to St. Mary's church, Ballygibbon, County Cork, the Waterloo Round Tower is an architectural folly bell tower that was built in the 1840s to resemble mediaeval round tower.[9]
At St. Ita's Hospital in Portrane, County Dublin, there is a replica round tower built in 1844 as a memorial to George Hampden Evans by his wife.
In the Knockmealdown Mountains in County Waterford is another memorial in the form of an 18m high round tower. It was erected in 1935 on the spot where Liam Lynch, military leader of the anti-treaty Irish Republican Army during the Irish Civil War is thought to have fallen in 1923.
The Ulster History Park in County Tyrone has a replica of a round tower.
St Patrick's Church of Ireland church in Saul, County Down has a round tower, built in 1933.
The Chaine Memorial Tower in Larne County Antrim is a lighthouse done in the style of a round tower. It was built to commemorate James Chaine, a former MP for Antrim.
Outside Ireland
Another "revival" round tower was built in 1997 in the Island of Ireland Peace Park in Belgium, as a war memorial to the soldiers of the island of Ireland who died, were wounded or are missing from World War I. The Шаблон:Convert tower[10] is in the traditional design of an Irish round tower and is partially built with stone from a former army barracks in Tipperary.[11]
At Saint Mary's Cemetery in Milford, Massachusetts a round tower was built of Milford granite in the late 19th century as a memorial to central Massachusetts' Irish immigrants, of whom thousands are buried there. In 2003 Tony Ryan, a native of Thurles, County Tipperary, built a round tower at his Castleton Lyons Stud in Kentucky.[12]
The second church to be built on the site of St John the Evangelist Catholic Church in East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, completed in December 1900, features a 13-metre Irish round tower on its eastern side. The tower is based on the entrance to King Cormac's Chapel on the Rock of Cashel in Tipperary, built in 1137.[13] The structure is now part of the Catholic Leadership Centre, operated by the Catholic Education Office Melbourne.
List of Irish round towers
The following is a list of surviving Irish round towers, excluding modern reconstructions.
Source: roundtowers.org
List of missing towers
This is a list of Irish round towers known to have existed, but no trace now remains.
| Name | County | Year | Notes: taken from George Lennox Barrow's The Round Towers of Ireland 1979[16] and Brian Lalor's The Irish Round Tower-Origins and Architecture Explored 1999[20] unless otherwise stated |
|---|---|---|---|
| Annadown | Galway | 1238 | Lalor states that there is a reference from The Annals of the Four Masters for the year 1238 "The Cloicteach of Enachduin was erected". All trace of the tower has vanished |
| Ardbraccon | Meath | 1181 | The Annals of Clonmacnoise for the year 1181 record "The steeple of Ardbreakean fell this yeare". No trace of the tower now remains. |
| Ardfert | Kerry | 1771 | The tower fell in a great storm in 1771. Descriptions of the tower vary with Samual Molyneux passing the tower in 1709 stating that it was "very low" with seamen often mistaking it for Scattery round tower. Charles Smith in 1756 describes the tower as being near 100 ft (30m) tall being mostly constructed of "a dark kind of marble" and "not composed of freestone", "the finest [tower] I have met with". Later accounts in 1878 (O Halloran) and 1884 (Tralee Chronicle) put its height at 120 ft and 150 ft respectively. The Parliamentary Gazetteer of Ireland 1846 states that the tower was "slated" (but being written over 70 years after it fell it is difficult to say for certain if this was so, if it was it would certainly be a unique feature).
Brain Lalor states that fragments of the tower have been found on-site and its location is marked on OSI maps from Шаблон:Circa. |
| Armagh | Armagh | 1121 | There are several references to this tower from the annals: 995/6 "Ard-Macha was burned by lightning, both houses damhlaig and cloigteach and fidnad" - Annals of Tigernach |
| Brigown (near Mitchelstown) | Cork | 1720 | Barrow's research indicates that this tower collapsed in a storm in 1720, and the remaining stump (around 4.6 m tall) disappeared by degrees with the last dug out in 1807 and the stones used to build a local glebe house. The tower reputably stood around 18 m to the south-west of the ruined church. No trace of the tower remains. |
| Clonard | Meath | 1039 | The Annals of the Four Masters for the year 1039 records "The Cloicteach of Cluain-Iraid fell" This is the only known reference to the tower and no trace of it now remains. |
| Cork | Cork | 1738 | Barrow's evidence indicates that this tower fell in 1738. A French traveller, Boullaye le Gouz passing it in 1644 describes the tower as "dix ou douze pas de circuit et plus de 100 pieds du hait" (10 or 12 paces around and over 100 feet tall). An engraving on the foot of a monstrance (dating from 1669) in the Dominican friary at Pope's Quay, Cork depicts St. Finbar with a church behind him and a capless round tower at one end. The tower has a broken top with 6 windows directly in line above a round-headed doorway.
No trace of the tower now remains and the cathedral built in 1865 evidently covers the site where it once stood. |
| Downpatrick | Down | 1015 | The Annals of the Four Masters for the year 1015 record "Dun-de-leathghlas was totally burned with its Daimhlaig and its Cloicteach by lightning" Harris (from Ware's Antiquities 1746) in 1744 describes the remains of the tower at that time as being 66 feet tall with walls 3 feet thick standing 40 ft from the old cathedral. The doorway was at ground level. (Barrow speculates that the ground level may have been raised by the rubble of the old cathedral.) A painting by Charles Lilly from 1790 and a print from 1789 show the round tower with a broken top standing to the south-west corner of the cathedral next to St. Patrick's grave. The remainder of the tower is said to have been pulled down in the early 19th century during the renovation of the cathedral as it was in a dangerous state. |
| Dublin, St Michael Le Pole | Dublin | 1775 | The tower stood in an old churchyard just south-west of Dublin castle. In 1706 the Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral granted the ruins of the church (where the tower stood) to Dr. John Jones to build a school, with one of the conditions being that he would not pull down the tower. The formerly free-standing tower then had the school built around it. Drawings by Beringer from 1766[21] and 1776 show this school building with the tower projecting through the west end of the roof. in 1775 the tower was badly damaged by a storm and the Dean and Chapter agreed that it must be taken down because it was too dangerous to repair. This was done 3 years later with the upper portion of the tower removed down to the level of the church roof. It is unclear when the remainder of the tower was demolished, though this was possibly done in 1789.
Barrow states that Petrie in his notes (Шаблон:Circa) quotes old locals describing the tower as of rude construction of large stones c.70 ft high with two windows at the top. A car park now marks the site of the former school and no trace of the tower now remains, though its stones are said to have been used in a nearby cemetery wall (this wall is no longer present). |
| Duleek | Meath | 1147 | The Annals of the Four Masters for the year 1147 record "A thunderbolt fell this year upon the cloicteach of Daimhliag-Chianain and knocked off the beannchobhair (conical cap)"
The tower survived at least until medieval times. Evidence of this is clearly visible in the imprint of the tower in the north wall of the square 15th century Tower of St. Mary's Church. The tower was incorporated into the medieval belfry in a similar manner to the Irish Round Tower at Lusk. The tower collapsed or was demolished at an unknown date leaving a scar on the side of the belfry. The scar rises to 14 m high where the tower diverged from the later building. There is a large window/opening (9.6 m from the ground) within this scar suggesting that this opening allowed access between the tower and belfry. Fragments of the foundation remain showing that the external diameter at the base of the tower was 5.18 m. |
| Emly | Tipperary | 1058 | The Annals of the Four Masters for the year 1058 record "Iarleach-Ibhair was totally burned Daimhliag and Cloicteach"
Thomas Dineley in his book[22] from 1681 has a sketch of the old cathedral at Emly with a stump (possibly that of the remains of a round tower) behind it at one side reaching to the height of the eaves of the cathedral. The stump appears to have 11 regular even courses of masonry with an opening, possibly representing the doorway. The site of the cathedral is an old graveyard beside the modern catholic church. All that remains of the cathedral is an old stone cross and no trace of the tower remains. |
| Kilbarry | Roscommon | 1770s | John O'Donovan[23] speaks of meeting a local man in 1837 who remembers the round tower of Kilbarry standing. It is said to have stood around 15 feet west of the church in the monastery of Clooncoirpthe. The tower fell in a great storm in the 1770s, and in doing so knocked down the closest corner of the church. This corner was known as Claig-theach corner. The tower had a diameter of 9–11 feet and the last remains of it were removed 6 years before O'Donovan's visit.
Barrow visiting the site in 1974 describes finding several stones taken from the ruin of the round tower embedded in the cemetery wall surrounding the site and also scattered amongst the graves. These stones include the capstone, a conical stone with an angle of around 65 degrees 30 cm high with one side broken off. Also found were what Barrow believes were the remains of a round-headed doorway "of three stones" dressed to the curve with a moulding. |
| Kellistown | Carlow | 1807 | Anthologia Hibernica Volume 4 (1794) (which refers to the place as "Kellet's Town") states "The tower which stands on elevated ground about five miles NE of Carlow and not on the Barrow as asserted in some late publications is built of gritstone with which the country abounds and about twelve feet internal diameter but at present much destroyed" A sketch of the ruin of this tower is also in this book. It depicts the tower standing about 10m tall with 23 stone courses, broken down its left side to ground level, with a breach near the top which could represent the remains of a window.
A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland[24] states "One of the ancient round towers stood here till 1807 when it was pulled down to make room for the belfry of the church". |
| Killeshin | Laois | 1703 | The monastic site at Killeshin, 5 km west of Carlow, contains the remains of a 12th-century church. The round tower is said to have stood 20 m south-west of this church.
The Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland[25] describes the steeple of Killeshin being "undermined" "and flung down" in 1703 by an employee of a Captain Woosley (described as "Hero of the Boyne"). The tower measured 105 feet long on the ground after being felled and apparently remained largely intact in its tubular form. John O'Donovan[23] was told by locals in 1838 that the tower was knocked down by the local landlord in Шаблон:Circa as it posed a threat (if it fell) to his cattle who used to scratch themselves on the four pillars on which the tower stood. Barrow speculates that this later account of the towers destruction and 4 pillars notion is a corruption of the original account and speculates that the tower had become dilapidated at its base and so became structurally unsound. Stones from the tower were still visible on site during O'Donovan's visit in 1838. Barrow states that nothing now remains of the tower, "at least above the ground". |
| Raphoe | Donegal | 1660 | In James Moore's 1739 book[26] Ware states that "There was also in that Place a round Tower built on a Hill in which the Bishops of Raphoe formerly kept their Studies". Barrow states that there is a manuscript in the Ware's handwriting dated 2 April 1660, that Dr. John Leslie, bishop of Raphoe, had told him that he caused a round tower, or pyramid build of old times to be pulled down and the stones used for his new "epall house". In the bottom of the tower, he found the bones of a man buried anciently there. Barrow states that the "Bishop's House", now a burnt-out ruin, was built by Leslie in 1637. The traditional site of the tower is now pointed up a lane to the north-west of the Cathedral.
Barrow speculates that a farm wall nearby may contain stones from the round tower. |
| Rath Blamaic | Clare | 1838 | A ruined medieval church marks the site of the monastery said to be founded by St. Blamaic in the 6th century. It is a mile NNW of the round tower at Dysert O Dea which is clearly visible across the valley.
Keane[27] says: The ruins of a Round Tower to the height of eight feet and without door or window are said to have stood at Rath until the year 1838 when the materials were removed for the building of the Churchyard wall . Keane also says There is a legend among the peasantry of the neighbourhood that the Saint of Dysart, St Mawnaula, carried away from Rath the tower now standing at Dysart whereupon Blamaic the Saint of Rath retaliated by conveying to Rath some other building which had stood at Dysart. Barrow speculates that it is more likely that the tower and indeed the entire monastery at Dysart was built to replace the one that had been ruined at Rath Blamaic. Barrow also states that when he examined the cemetery wall, in 1974, at Rath Blamaic that many of its stones looked likely to have come from the remains of the round tower. |
| Rosscarbery | Cork | 1285 | The Annals of Inisfallen for the year 1285 record A very destructive wind this year, about the feast of Brigid [Feb 1st]; It blew down the bell tower of Ross Ailithir and caused much damage generally.
Barrow states that the Silver seal of the dean and chapter of Ross, made in 1661, was embossed with a round tower which had a bulge at its base like Clondalkin. The site at Rosscarbery is now marked by a Church of Ireland cathedral with the remains of an early church across the road. No trace of the round tower remains. |
| Rosscommon | Roscommon | date not known | Descriptions of St. Coman's monastery at the time of dissolution of the monastarys include reference to a round tower.The map prepared by Nicholas Malby of 1581 shows the tower as having reduced height with a temporary conical roof. Images on the Essex estates prepared by Mr. Plunkett in 1736 show tower in ruins. The present St Coman's church is said to be located on the site of the original monastic church. The round tower is said to have stood at the back of the town Gaol. No trace of the round tower remains. |
| Slane | Meath | 948 | The Annals of the Four Masters for the year 948 record The Belfry of Slane was burned by the foreigners [The Danes], with its full of relics and distinguished persons. together with Caeineachair, Lector of Slaine, and the crosier of the patron saint and a bell, the best of bells (this is the earliest reference in the known Annals to an Irish round tower).
Barrow speculates that the probable site of the tower was on a hill where the ruins of a 16th-century friary now remain. No trace of the tower remains. |
| Tomregon | Cavan | The site of at Tomregon is located around 4 km south-west of Ballyconnell in an open field known as the Church Meadow. Traces of the foundations of the tower and church were reported in 1948.[28] Davies claims that a stone on the site carved with a human head, legs, arms but no body, looks like it came from an arch from the tower. Barrow discounts this possibility as the arch stone would be too small for such purpose but may have come from the ruined church.
Nothing visible remains above ground at least. | |
| Trim | Meath | 1126–7 | The Annals of Ulster for the year 1126–7 record A great hosting by Connor MacFergall O'Loughlinn together with the people of the North of Ireland, to Meath; They burned Trim, both cloicteach and church and these full of people.
It is presumed by locals that the tower stood on the site of the Church of Ireland cathedral. No other references to the tower exist and no trace of the tower remains. |
| Tuamgraney | Clare | 964 | The Annals of Chronicum Scotorum for the year 964 record Cormac Ua Cillin, of the Ui Fiachrach Aidhne, comarb of Ciaran and Coman, and comarb of Tuaim-greine, by whom the great church of Tuam-greine, and its cloicteach, were constructed, sapiens et senex, et Episcopus, quievit in Christo. This is the earliest reference in the known annals to the building of an Irish round tower.
George Petrie recorded a local tradition that some of the tower remained until as late as 1800. Barrow states that Brash, however, upon visiting the area in 1852 and speaking with its oldest inhabitants was unable to find anyone with knowledge of the tower. Brash speculates that the Petrie may have been referencing an old stone church rather that the remains of a round tower. It is unknown where exactly the tower stood and no trace of it remains. |
| Tullaghard | Meath | 1171 | The Annals of Four Masters for the year 1171 record The cloicteach of Tealach-aird was burned by Tighearnan Ua Ruairc, with its full of people in it.
John O'Donovan[23] identifies the site as in the townland of Tullaghard of Steeplestown a short way due North of Trim. O'Donovan also records speaking to a local person born in 1750 who claimed to remember the tower standing as late as 1757. He had seen it as a child but was unable to recall what kind of tower it was. Barrow states that the site is now "open fields" and no trace of the tower remains. |
| Tullamaine | Kilkenny | 1121 | The Annals of Four Masters for the year 1121 record The cloicteach of Tealach-nInmainne in Osraighe was split by a thunderbolt and a stone flew from the cloicteach, which killed a student in the church.
John O'Donovan[23] identifies the site as Tullamaine, a parish whose overgrown closed cemetery is in a field about 4 km West of Callan. No monastic remains now exist there and no trace of the tower remains. |
See also
- Broch
- Chaine Memorial, a relatively modern tower lighthouse at Larne, in the style of a round tower.
- Pele tower
- Rock of Cashel
References
Sources
External links
- Irish Round Towers — detailed photographic archive and information for fifty-two Irish round towers.
- Шаблон:Citation
- Kinneigh Round Tower — articles and photos about Kinneigh Round Tower
- ↑ Alan Van Dine, Unconventional Builders, Doubleday Ferguson, 1977, p. 29, 34
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite EB1911
- ↑ John Windele, 'The Round Tower of Ardmore, and Its Siege in 1642', The Journal of the Kilkenny and South-East of Ireland Archaeological Society, New Series, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1856), p. 197.
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Patrick S. Dinneen, An Irish English Dictionary, The Educational Company of Ireland, Dublin, 1927
- ↑ Tomás de Bhaldraithe, English-Irish Dictionary, An GUM, Dublin, 1959
- ↑ Ireland's Round Towers: Buildings, Rituals and Landscapes of the Early Irish Church, Tempus 2004
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ British Military Garrison – Tipperary Co. Tipperary Ireland (retrieved 31 January 2010) Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 16,3 The Round Towers of Ireland by George Lennox Barrow 1979
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Ordnance survey of the county of Londonderry By Great Britain. Ordnance Survey, Thomas Colby, Sir Thomas Aiskew Larcom (Gart.)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ The Irish Round Tower-Origins and Architecture Explored - Brain Lalor 1999
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Observations on a voyage through the kingdom of Ireland - Thomas Dineley (1681)
- ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 23,3 The Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland - John O'Donovan (1856)
- ↑ A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland: Comprising the Several Counties; Cities; Boroughs; Corporate, Market, and Post Towns; Parishes and Principal Villages; with Historical and Statistical Descriptions: Embellished with Engravings of the Arms of the Cities, Bishoprics, Corporate Towns, and Boroughs; and of the Seals of the Several Municipal Corporations, Volume 2 (1849)
- ↑ Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, Volume 5 - 1867
- ↑ The whole works of Sir James Ware concerning Ireland, Volume 1 - By Sir James Ware (1739)
- ↑ The Towers and Temples of Ancient Ireland - Marcus Keane (1867)
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
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