Английская Википедия:Iron diplomacy
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates
"Iron diplomacy" (Шаблон:Lang-uk) refers to the practice of transporting world leaders from Poland through Ukraine via rail since the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022.Шаблон:R The expression was coined by Oleksandr Kamyshin, the head of Ukrainian Railways, because many diplomats were being shuttled by train to and from Kyiv, the capital city, as the use of Ukrainian airspace was impractical due to the invasion.Шаблон:R In addition, the first foreign leaders to visit Kyiv had decided to avoid travelling from Poland to Ukraine via a Polish military jet, in case Russia interpreted it as an escalating move.Шаблон:R The journeys, including US President Joe Biden's 2023 visit, begin in Poland with a flight to Rzeszów-Jasionka Airport and then transfer to Przemyśl Główny railway station, where the visiting leaders board an overnight train to Kyiv.
Rail system
Since the start of the Russian invasion in 2022, Ukraine's airspace has been closed and its roads have become unreliable due to fighting.Шаблон:R As a result, the country has been forced to rely heavily on its rail system for transport, including for humanitarian aid, refugees, weapons, and food for export.Шаблон:R As the rail system is crucial in Ukraine's resistance to the invasion, Ukrainian Railways has continued to run despite repeated attacks against the system, such as the attack on Kramatorsk station.Шаблон:R Security has also increased, and Aleksandr Kamyshin, who runs Ukrainian Railways, is now armed and accompanied by two bodyguards, keeps his schedule and location secret, and avoids physical contact with his family.Шаблон:RШаблон:Efn
Diplomats and other world leaders who wish to travel through Ukraine are faced with a similar lack of options, so they regularly take part in Kamyshin's iron diplomacy program.Шаблон:R The train ride takes nearly 10 hours.[1] Ukraine also provides a security detail for the visiting leaders, and Kamyshin also keeps their travel details secret, but sometimes information ends up being publicized before the delegation has left Ukraine, which increases the risk of an attack.Шаблон:R
Carriages
One of the carriages used in the iron diplomacy program was originally constructed for rich tourists to the Crimean peninsula.Шаблон:R Completed in 2014, it was used only a few times before Russia annexed the peninsula early that year.Шаблон:R Recently modernized carriages from the Soviet era have also been used for the iron diplomacy program.Шаблон:R Although most cars have been retrofitted with upscale furnishings to allow visiting leaders to travel comfortably, not all carriages have been refurbished to the same standard.Шаблон:R Discrepancies regarding train car accommodations were noted by the French president Emmanuel Macron, the German chancellor Olaf Scholz, and the Italian prime minister Mario Draghi during their joint trip to Kyiv in June 2022.Шаблон:R
Notable visits
| Date | Travellers | Representing | To | Notes | Rf. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022-03-15 | Mateusz Morawiecki, prime minister Petr Fiala, prime minister Janez Janša, prime minister Jarosław Kaczyński, deputy prime minister |
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
Kyiv | Шаблон:Blist | Шаблон:R Шаблон:R Шаблон:R |
| 2022-04-01 | Roberta Metsola, parliament president | Шаблон:Flag | Kyiv | Шаблон:Blist | Шаблон:R Шаблон:R Шаблон:R Шаблон:R |
| 2022-04-08 | Шаблон:Nowrap Josep Borrell, foreign affairs representative Eduard Heger, prime minister |
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
Kyiv | Шаблон:Blist | Шаблон:R Шаблон:R Шаблон:R Шаблон:R Шаблон:R |
| 2022-04-09 | Boris Johnson, prime minister | Шаблон:Flag | Kyiv | Шаблон:Blist | Шаблон:R Шаблон:R |
| 2022-04-09 | Karl Nehammer, chancellor | Шаблон:Flag | Kyiv | Шаблон:Blist | Шаблон:R |
| 2022-04-13 | Alar Karis, president Egils Levits, president Gitanas Nausėda, president Andrzej Duda, president |
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
Kyiv | Шаблон:Blist | Шаблон:R Шаблон:R |
| 2022-04-24 | Antony Blinken, secretary of state Lloyd Austin, secretary of defense |
Шаблон:Flag | Kyiv | Шаблон:Blist | Шаблон:R Шаблон:R |
| 2022-04-28 | António Guterres, secretary-general | Шаблон:Flag | Kyiv | Шаблон:Blist | Шаблон:R Шаблон:R Шаблон:R |
| 2022-04-30 | Nancy Pelosi, speaker | Шаблон:Flag | Kyiv | Шаблон:Blist | Шаблон:R |
| 2022-05-08 | Justin Trudeau, prime minister Chrystia Freeland, deputy prime minister Mélanie Joly, foreign affairs ministerШаблон:Efn |
Шаблон:Flag | Kyiv | Шаблон:Blist | Шаблон:R Шаблон:R |
| 2022-05-22 | Andrzej Duda, president | Шаблон:Flag | Kyiv | Шаблон:Blist | Шаблон:R |
| 2022-05-26 | Sanna Marin, prime minister | Шаблон:Flag | Kyiv | Шаблон:Blist | Шаблон:R |
| 2022-06-16 | Emmanuel Macron, president Olaf Scholz, chancellor Mario Draghi, prime minister |
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
Kyiv | Шаблон:Blist | Шаблон:R Шаблон:R Шаблон:R |
| 2022-06-16 | Klaus Iohannis, president | Шаблон:Flag | Kyiv | Шаблон:Blist | Шаблон:R Шаблон:R |
| 2022-06-17 | Boris Johnson, prime minister | Шаблон:Flag | Kyiv | Шаблон:Blist | [2] |
| 2022-06-29 | Joko Widodo, president | Шаблон:Flag | Kyiv | Шаблон:Blist | Шаблон:R |
| 2022-07-03 | Anthony Albanese, prime minister | Шаблон:Flag | Kyiv | Шаблон:Blist | Шаблон:R Шаблон:R Шаблон:R Шаблон:R |
| 2022-07-25 | Alejandro Giammattei, president | Шаблон:Flag | Kyiv | Шаблон:Blist | [3] |
| 2022-10-20 | Ignazio Cassis, president | Шаблон:Flag | Kyiv | Шаблон:Blist | Шаблон:R |
| 2022-10-25 | Frank-Walter Steinmeier, president | Шаблон:Flag | Kyiv | Шаблон:Blist | Шаблон:R |
| 2022-11-19 | Rishi Sunak, prime minister | Шаблон:Flag | Kyiv |
|
[4] |
| 2022-11-26 | Alexander De Croo, prime minister Katalin Novák, president Ingrida Šimonytė, prime minister Mateusz Morawiecki, prime minister |
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
Kyiv |
|
[5] |
| 2022-11-28 | Urmas Reinsalu, foreign minister Pekka Haavisto, foreign minister Þórdís Kolbrún R. Gylfadóttir, foreign minister Edgars Rinkēvičs, foreign minister Gabrielius Landsbergis, foreign minister Anniken Huitfeldt, foreign minister Tobias Billström, foreign minister |
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
Kyiv |
|
[6] |
| 2023-01-30 | Mette Frederiksen, prime minister | Шаблон:Flag | Mykolaiv, Odesa |
|
[7] |
| 2023-02-20 | Joe Biden, president | Шаблон:Flag | Kyiv |
|
[8] |
| 2023-02-21 | Giorgia Meloni, prime minister | Шаблон:Flag | Kyiv |
|
[9] |
| 2023-02-23 | Pedro Sánchez, prime minister | Шаблон:Flag | Kyiv |
|
[10] |
| 2023-04-28 | Petr Pavel, president Zuzana Čaputová, president |
Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
Kyiv, Dnipro |
|
[11] [12] [13] |
| 2023-06-10 | Justin Trudeau, prime minister | Шаблон:Flag | Kyiv |
|
[14][15] |
See also
Explanatory notes
References
Шаблон:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Шаблон:Diplomacy
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Ukrainian responses to the Russian invasion of Ukraine
- Diplomatic protocol
- Diplomatic visits
- Foreign relations of Ukraine
- International rail transport
- Luxury trains
- Passenger rail transport in Ukraine
- Passenger rail transport in Poland
- Railway services introduced in 2022
- Ukrainian Railways
- Kyiv in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
- Przemyśl
- Rzeszów
- Poland–Ukraine relations
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
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