Английская Википедия:Ironstone mining in Cleveland and North Yorkshire

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox mining Ironstone mining in Cleveland and North Yorkshire occurred on a sizeable scale from the 1830s to the 1960s in present day eastern parts of North Yorkshire but has been recorded as far back as Roman times in mostly a small-scale and intended for local use. This Cleveland is not to be confused with a smaller area covered by the county of Cleveland from 1974-96.

Around the year 1850, large seams of ironstone were discovered in the Cleveland Hills, later also in and around Rosedale and Eskdale. Mining of these seams accelerated an industry around the River Tees's south eastern banks and around the River Tyne, where many new ironworks were built. Settlements around the Tees and Tyne, especially the Cleveland town of Middlesbrough (on the Tees) as iron and steel processing centres. These received large amounts of ironstone, first by ship and later by railway. The industry experienced a meteoric rise, in the space of twenty years (by 1870), ironstone from the Cleveland part of Yorkshire was supplying 38% of the steel and iron requirements of Britain.

Ironstone workings in Yorkshire's Cleveland declined from the 1930s onwards, imported iron ore was able to be shipped in vast quantities to the quaysides at Middlesbrough and on the Tyne. The last commercially operated ironstone mine was near Skelton-in-Cleveland, the North Skelton Mine, closed in January 1964. Restoration programmes have remediated some mine sites and they have been opened to public access, mine water has polluted some watercourses in the area.

History

Table of output (1857–1880)

The list covers all the ironstone mines in the Cleveland Ironstone Formation, and as such, extends into parts of North Yorkshire that were not traditionally designated as being in Cleveland.[note 1] The list only covers areas of productive ironstone mining, and so does not include test areas (ie Goldsborough on the North Yorkshire coast where drilling was undertaken for three years from 1912).Шаблон:Sfn Ironstone production helped fuel the industrial revolution with smelters and ironworks in Middlesbrough accounting for 33% of iron and steel production in Britain in 1865.[1] By 1870, Britain was supplying about half of all the iron and steel across the world; 38% of that, was made from iron mined in the Cleveland Hills and North Yorkshire.[2] The table below shows the combined production of ironstone from the Cleveland Hills between 1857 and 1880.

Файл:Combined output from the ironstone mines of the Cleveland Hills (1857-1880).svg
Combined output from the ironstone mines of the Cleveland Hills (1857–1880)
Combined output from the ironstone mines of the Cleveland Hills (1857–1880)Шаблон:Sfn
Year No. of mines Production Year No. of mines Production Year No. of mines Production
1857 17 Шаблон:Convert 1865 20 Шаблон:Convert 1873 35 Шаблон:Convert
1858 17 Шаблон:Convert 1866 19 Шаблон:Convert 1874 35 Шаблон:Convert
1859 15 Шаблон:Convert 1867 17 Шаблон:Convert 1875 39 Шаблон:Convert
1860 17 Шаблон:Convert 1868 15 Шаблон:Convert 1876 36 Шаблон:Convert
1861 17 Шаблон:Convert 1869 16 Шаблон:Convert 1877 33 Шаблон:Convert
1862 16 Шаблон:Convert 1870 17 Шаблон:Convert 1878 29 Шаблон:Convert
1863 13 Шаблон:Convert 1871 21 Шаблон:Convert 1879 29 Шаблон:Convert
1864 14 Шаблон:Convert 1872 31 Шаблон:Convert 1880 29 Шаблон:Convert

Early history

Evidence of iron working in the area dates back as far as the Roman times, with an ironworks at Levisham working iron believed to have been sourced from Rosedale.[3] The iron from the Cleveland seams is known to have been worked in Eskdale prior to 1750. A farm at Danby was marked on mapping as Furnace Farm and had evidence of scoria heaps (slag). Other slag heaps have been found in Glaisdale (that pre-date the Victorian ironworks) and Fryup Dale too.[4] Other workings south of Goathland, known as the Killing PitsШаблон:Efn also show evidence of having been worked in the post-Medieval period, but before the 19th century industrial extraction of ironstone in the area.Шаблон:Sfn

Nodules of ironstone were quarried from the beaches and cliffs between Staithes and Kettleness since the 1830s, but this was at the mercy of the weather and the tides as the ironstone was transported by sea.Шаблон:Sfn Most of the ironstone collected on the Yorkshire Coast was shipped to ironworks in, and around, the Newcastle area, using sea and river transport for a large part of its journey.Шаблон:Sfn When large-scale mining was introduced, most of the mining areas were connected to the railway network either by their own lines or via a narrow gauge railway which connected to main railway network.Шаблон:Sfn A small number used direct sea transportation, but in the end, they closed down or converted to railway operation. The growth of the railway system in North Yorkshire actually led to the discovery of ironstone in the area, when the Whitby and Pickering Railway reached Grosmont in 1835,[5] with shipping of ironstone from Grosmont, via the railway, then ship from Whitby harbour, in 1836.Шаблон:Sfn

Quarrying and mining on the Yorkshire coast for alum was commonplace, but this industry was dying out in the latter half of the 19th century when it was discovered that alum could be sourced from colliery waste. The boom in the ironstone industry meant that some communities had a new occupational lifeline.Шаблон:Sfn The discovery of the Eston ironstone by Henry Bolckow and John Vaughan in 1850, accelerated the industrialisation of the area as the ironstone outcropped quite close to the surface and could be recovered more easily than on the coast, which was dependent on the tides, and from the mines further south, which had to go to greater depths to recover the stone. In August 1850, the find of stone was proved, and by December of the same year, the first shipment of ironstone, Шаблон:Convert, was taken over a newly built tramway from Eston into Middlesbrough.Шаблон:Sfn The Rosedale mines developed in the 1860s, and were connected via a railway that ran across the moors, and down a steep incline near Ingleby Greenhow, which then joined with the main railway network at what would become Шаблон:Rws railway station. The ore at Rosedale was roasted with coal (calcined) to remove impurities and lessen the overall weight of the ore, so that the transportation costs were cheaper, as the companies had to pay the landowners per tonne of ore transported over the railway.Шаблон:Sfn[6]

Peak production

Production across the region as whole peaked in 1883, when Шаблон:Convert of ore was processed. After that, the tonnages declined steadily.[7] In 1936, the contribution to UK steel production from the north east was 27.3%, but by this time, much of the ore was being imported.[8] Apart from a dip in 1922, the smelters on Teesside first started using a greater proportion of imported ore over that which was mined locally, in 1936.[9]

Файл:Iron ore usage on South Teesside 1913 - 1936.svg
Iron ore usage on South Teesside 1913 – 1936, expressed in tonnes
Iron ore use in iron and steelworks on South Teesside[9]
Year Cleveland ore Imported ore Total Percentage ratio
1913 5,940,963 2,257,576 8,198,539 72.46 / 27.54
1918 4,544,135 1,507,795 6,051,930 75.09 / 24.91
1922 1,169,700 1,537,144 2,706,844 43.21 / 66.79
1925 2,284,186 1,468,560 3,752,746 60.87 / 39.13
1928 2,272,124 1,362,273 3,634,397 62.52 / 37.48
1931 1,493,916 765,205 2,259,121 66.13 / 33.87
1933 1,012,700 817,956 1,830,656 55.32 / 44.68
1934 1,641,921 1,504,111 3,146,032 52.19 / 47.81
1935 1,640,090 1,517,951 3,158,041 51.93 / 48.07
1936 1,800,000 2,034,305 3,834,305 46.94 / 53.06

Production of ironstone in the area declined as opencast and quarried ironstone from domestic UK locations became prevalent due to it being cheaper to quarry than mining.[7] For example, the ironstone workings in Northamptonshire were all surface operations, therefore it could be mechanised easier without the need for timber props, nor the time and labour required to install the timbers. This meant that by the interwar years, Northamptonshire iron ore was five shillings per tonne cheaper to transport than Cleveland ore.Шаблон:Sfn Additionally, the global recession in the early 1920s led to a drop in the price of iron.[10] Closures were further exacerbated by imported iron ore.[11] The last industrial operation of mining ore in the area was at North Skelton, which closed in January 1964.[12]

Occurrence

Файл:Section through the Cleveland Ironstone.png
Section through the Cleveland Ironstone

Шаблон:Main

Apportioning strict geography to the area is different according to various sources; most agree, however, that the Cleveland Hills (or the Cleveland District) is tied in with the occurrence of the ironstone in whatever seam and thus extends from the Tees at Middlesbrough in the north, to the Vale of Pickering in the south. The North Sea coast provides the eastern limit, while the Scugdale Valley down through Felixkirk to Thirsk is seen as the western border.Шаблон:Sfn[13]

Mining of ironstone can be grouped into three distinct localities; Cleveland mines which worked the main Cleveland seam, the Rosedale mines, which worked the Dogger seam and those grouped around Grosmont and the Esk Valley which worked the Avicula and Pecten seams. The exceptions to this rule are those on the coast south of Boulby (particularly Port Mulgrave) which worked the Dogger seam, and several localities that worked the Two-Foot Seam.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Those mining concerns in the eastern part of Cleveland, entered around Brotton and Loftus, worked the ironstone band where it dipped in a depression, and so were the ones most likely to need shaft and deep mining experience. North Skelton was the deepest at Шаблон:Convert, followed by Kilton at Шаблон:Convert, and Lingdale at Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn

Both the Avicula and Pecten seams were named after a type of fossil found in the stone, avicula cygnipes, (swan), and pecten, (scallop) respectively.Шаблон:Sfn However, some stone was quarried/mined even further south than the Murk Esk valley; at Kirby Knowle, near Thirsk, workings in the Dogger Seam were explored in the 19th century, where the ironstone is known to be Шаблон:Convert thick.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It was estimated that the occurrence of ironstone underneath Cleveland and North Yorkshire extended for Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn The various seams had different names in places, sometimes on account of their geology, others due to a confusion of which seam was being mined; the Avicula seam was also known as the Low Seam due to its position, the Pecten seam was sometimes called the Shelly Seam due to the abundance of shells within it.Шаблон:Sfn

Recovery of ironstone varied with location; most of the early mines centred around Grosmont used a system known as the double-stall. Others used the longwall method, whereas most mines and drifts winning stone from the Main Seam, used the pillar and bord way of mining.Шаблон:Sfn

Mines

Ironstone mines in Cleveland and North Yorkshire
Mine Location Dates TypeШаблон:Efn SeamШаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn Grid ref Notes Ref
Ailesbury Mine Whorlton 1872–1887 M MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Most productive return was in 1874, when almost Шаблон:Convert was produced, with a value of £28,500. [14][15]
Aysdalegate Mine Lockwood 1863–1880 M MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Later became part of the Spawood Mine as ventilation shafts. [16][17]Шаблон:Sfn
Ayton Banks Mine Great Ayton 1909–1929 M MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates [18]
Ayton Mines Great Ayton 1908–1931 M MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Also known as Monument Mine, due to its proximity to the Captain Cook Monument on the hill. A steep incline provided for onwards transportation via the Great Ayton Branch line. Шаблон:Sfn[19][20]
Beck Hole Grosmont 1858–1864 D DS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Historically known as Beckhole. Шаблон:Sfn
Belmont Mine Guisborough 1853–1933 D, S MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Also known as the Belman Bank Mines. Шаблон:Sfn[21]
Blakey Pit Farndale 1876–1895 D, S DS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Also known as Farndale. [22]Шаблон:Sfn
Boosbeck Boosbeck 1872–1887 M MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates The mine was quite productive (Шаблон:Convert in 1881), but was beset by problems. It caused subsidence to the village and 700 were made homeless. An inrush of water in 1887 closed the workings. Шаблон:Sfn
Boulby Boulby 1854–1860
1903–1934 		D MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Worked in two stages; the 19th century venture failed due to lack of good transportation. The 20th century workings used the railway to transport the iron ore to Skinningrove Iron Works. The site now forms part of the Boulby Mine complex. Шаблон:Sfn[23]
Brotton Brotton 1865–1921 M MS, TS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates [24]
Carlin How Carlin How 1869–1946 M MS, TS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates [25]
Chaloner Mine Guisborough 1869–1939 D, M, S MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates [26]
Cliff Brotton 1857–1887 M MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Before the arrival of the railway in 1865, the ironstone is thought to have been dumped over the cliff and collected from the seashore. Closed in 1877, it was re-opened in 1880 and connected underground with Huntcliff Mine. Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn[27]
Coate Moor Mine Kildale 1872–1876 D MS, PS, TS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Short-lived venture; the mine and buildings were repossessed in 1875 due to non-payment of rents Шаблон:Sfn[28]
Codhill[note 2] Hutton Lowcross 1853–1886 D MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates The building of the Middlesbrough & Guisborough railway allowed for the exploitation of the ironstone in this district. Шаблон:Sfn[29]
Commondale Mine Commondale 1863–1867 M MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Шаблон:Sfn
Court Green Eston Шаблон:Circa–Шаблон:Circa S MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Шаблон:Sfn
Crags Hall Mine Brotton 1867–1893 M MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Sometimes spelt as Craggs Hall. Шаблон:Sfn
Eskdale Mine Grosmont 1848–1878
1906–1915 		D AS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates North east of Grosmont with railway sidings direct onto the Whitby & Pickering Railway with the ore being taken to Chester-le-Street, then in the second incarnation, used locally at Grosmont Ironworks. Шаблон:Sfn
Eskdale (Bolton Crag) Grosmont 1848–1852 D AS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Workings developed by Losh, Wilson and Bell, but abandoned in favour of a seam discovered near Skinningrove Шаблон:Sfn[30]
Esk Valley Mine[note 3] Grosmont 1859–1877 M AS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Located on the original Whitby to Pickering Railway Beck Hole section [31][32][33]
Eston Mine (complex) Eston 1850–1949 S, D, M MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates In 1850, the ironstone was extracted from the surface, but as the workings progressed southwards into the hill, drifting became necessary and later still, deep mining was required. At least three pit heads were established at the Eston complex for drawing the ironstone to the surface; Old Bank Drift, New bank Drift, and Trustee Level Drift. [34]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Glaisdale 1862–1876 M AS, PS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Шаблон:Sfn
Grinkle Mine Grinkle Park 1875–1934 D MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Ironstone forwarded originally to Port Mulgrave for sea transport Шаблон:Sfn
Grosmont Haggs (Grosmont West) Grosmont 1864–1890 M AS, PS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates This worling was north west of Grosmont, and described as having "shallow shafts". Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Grosmont, Hollins Grosmont 1836–1860
1863–1866 		D, M AS, PS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates The seam was discovered when construction was underway for the Whitby and Pickering Railway. Before the North Yorkshire and Cleveland Railway reached Шаблон:Rws railway station from the west, iron ore was transported via rail to Whitby, and thence to Tyneside by ship. Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Hob Hill Saltburn 1865–1874
1899–1920 		D, S MS, PS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Ironstone may have been won after 1920, as records indicate the mine was merged with Upleatham around this time. Mapping from the 1910s, shows Hob Hill and Upleatham connected by an aerial ropeway.[35] Шаблон:Sfn
Huntcliff[note 4] Brotton 1872–1906 D MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Mining commenced between 1870 and 1872. It was later connected underground with the Cliff Mine. [37][38]
Hummersea Bank Mine Loftus C Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Шаблон:Sfn
Hutton Mine Hutton Lowcross 1855–1858 D, S MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Sub-surface workings of the mine were incorporated within the Roseberry Mine workings in the early 20th century. The distance between the two was only Шаблон:Convert. Шаблон:Sfn
Ingleby Manor Mines (Ingleby Moor) Ingleby Greenhow 1858–1865 D MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Reached by a small spur from the Rosedale railway line. Шаблон:Sfn
Kettleness Goldsborough 1838–1842
1854–1857 		C MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Ironstone sourced from the cliffs and beach, loaded onto ships for the Tyneside smelters of Losh, Wilson & Bell [39]
Kettleness Mine Goldsborough 1910–1915 C DS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates North Eastern Railway records show that the Шаблон:Rws railway station handled Шаблон:Convert of iron ore in 1911. [40]Шаблон:Sfn
Kilton 1870–1876
1894–1963 		M MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates The conical shaped-heap of waste ironstone material is notable locally. The site is now a nature reserve. Шаблон:Sfn
Kirkleatham Dunsdale 1872–1886 D MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Шаблон:Sfn
Levisham 1863–1874 M See note Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Mine worked the Cornbrash (Ferrugious Sandstone) to the north west of Levisham village. [41]Шаблон:Sfn
Lingdale Mine Lingdale 1870–1962 M MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Lay dormant between 1926 and 1940. Work restarted after four kilns were moved from the island of Raasay. [42]
Liverton Mine Loftus 1871–1923 M MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Шаблон:Sfn
Loftus Mines Loftus 1830–1958 C, D MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Шаблон:Sfn
Longacres Mine Skelton 1865–1954 (1916) M MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Operated by Bolckow, Vaughan until 1929, Dorman Long thereafter. Output from 1916 was taken by a Шаблон:Convert incline into North Skelton Mine Шаблон:Sfn
Lonsdale Kildale 1865–1868 M MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Шаблон:Sfn
Lumpsey Mine Brotton 1880–1954 M MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Official closure was in 1954, but ironstone from Lumpsey was mined and brought to the surface at North Skelton Mine until closure of North Skelton in 1964. Шаблон:Sfn[43]
Mirkside West Grosmont 1857–1869 S AS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Also known as Murkside and Murk Side, due to being near the River Murk Esk Шаблон:Sfn
Normanby Mine Normanby 1859–1899 D, S MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates [44]
North Skelton North Skelton 1872–1964 M MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Last mine to close in Cleveland [45]
Ormesby Ormesby 1865–1892 D, S MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates The seam occurs quite near to the surface, and roof falls at the site of the mine have been commonplace Шаблон:Sfn
Port Mulgrave[note 5] Port Mulgrave 1857–1881 C, D, S MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Entire output from Port Mulgrave was transported via ship. When Port Mulgrave was exhausted, a railway was cut through the cliff to Grinkle Mine, with Port Mulgrave continuing as an export facility. Шаблон:Sfn
Raithwaite Mine Sandsend 1855–1860 C, D DS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates A drift mine cut into the coast which has been destroyed by coastal erosion. The ironstone was loaded directly onto boats Шаблон:Sfn
Roseberry Mine Great Ayton 1881–1883
1907–1924 		D MS, TS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates The site was initially closed in 1883, reopening 24 years later in 1907; in 1917, it was one of the most productive sites in Cleveland [47]
Rosedale East Rosedale 1866–1926 D DS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates [48]
Rosedale West Rosedale 1853–1885 D DS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates [49]
Sherriff's Pit Rosedale West 1874–1911 M DS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Was connected to the Rosedale Railway. The mine was named after Alexander Sherriff - one of the owners [50]
Skelton Mine Skelton 1861–1938 M TS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Шаблон:Sfn
Skelton Park Pit Skelton 1872–1938 M MS, TS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates The mine produced over Шаблон:Convert during its lifetime [51]
Slapewath Mines Slapewath 1864–1884
1886–1906 		D, M MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Stone from Slapewath was progressively taken out via Spawood mine from 1890 onwards until closure of the shafts at Slapewath (apart from ventilation) from 1906. Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Sleights Bridge Sleights 1856–1859 M AS, PS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Worked by the Eskdale Ironstone Company. The stone was between 30 and 50% iron. Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
South Skelton Mine Boosbeck 1872–1959 M MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates [52][53]
Spa Guisborough 1864–1904 D, S MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Шаблон:Sfn
Spawood Mine Slapewath 1864–1930 M MS, TS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates [54]
Stanghow Mine Guisborough 1873–1925 M MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates [55]
Upleatham Saltburn 1854–1923 D, S MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Шаблон:Sfn
Upsall Eston 1853–1945 M MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Also known as Upsal. Iron quarried from here was first sent to an ironworks on Tyneside in 1811, with the response stating that the stone was "good for nothing". [56]Шаблон:Sfn
Warren Moor Mine Kildale 1865–1874 D DS, MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates The chimney still stands at this location – the only Victorian ironstone mine chimney left in the United Kingdom [57]
Waterfall Guisborough 1880–1901 M MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates [58]Шаблон:Sfn
Whitecliffe Loftus 1871–1884 M MS Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates Шаблон:Sfn
Wintergill 1878–1881 D See note Шаблон:Ordnance Survey coordinates This short-lived mine worked the Ellerbeck Seam and exported its stone through Egton railway station being delivered there by horse and cart. A railway connection was proposed, but never built. [59]

Шаблон:Colbegin Шаблон:NotelistШаблон:Notelist Шаблон:Colend

Iron and steelworks

Some of the mines roasted their iron ore, which enriched the final product before leaving the mine area, this being most notable at Rosedale where the former kilns are part of the heritage of the area and are listed as a scheduled monument.[60] An ironworks was built at Skinningrove, which produced pig iron from ore mined at Loftus, just across Kilton Beck. Whilst Loftus Mine closed in 1958,Шаблон:Sfn the plant is still operational, producing steel profiles with raw steel railed in from primary smelters located in Lincolnshire.[61]

Many of the companies that were working the ironstone, also had limestone and coal ventures in other parts of the north-east region, this allowed for the iron and steelworks to proliferate on the south bank of the River Tees. This, combined with the ability to ship pig iron from the docks at a cheap rate led to the ironstone and pig iron industry on south Teesside being the most prolific in output for England and Scotland.Шаблон:Sfn Other major iron and steel centres in Northamptonshire, Shropshire and Staffordshire had overland transport costs.Шаблон:Sfn

Aftermath

Файл:Waytail Beck, Whitecliff Wood - geograph.org.uk - 337660.jpg
Waytail Beck, Whitecliff Wood; the iron in the water is from the former Liverton Mine operation

Several becks on the coast have been affected by pollution.[62] As the mines closed down, so the pumps were turned off and this stopped the contaminated water being pumped away. Kilton Beck has been badly affected by this, with tales of how locals could fish in the beck, but it spent a good part of the second half of the 20th century heavily poisoned and was described as being ochre in colour. It has since been remediated by a system of oxidating the ferrous content in the water.[63][64] In the North York Moors National Park, remediation ponds have been created at Six Howe and Clitherbeck, which have helped to reduce the iron pollution in local watercourses.[65]

Progressive closure of the mines also led to mass unemployment; Skinningrove was a very small fishing village, fairly isolated from the rest of Cleveland when the ironstone boom arrived. After closure of the mines, unemployment levels surged.[66] The miners' livelihoods were also affected by the slump in the early 1930s; one author noted that those who took part in the Jarrow March, were struck by an unemployment rate of 70%, in the East Cleveland ironstone communities, this was nearer 90%.[67]

The closure of the ironstone mines also left a legacy of subsidence, which unlike the coal industry, had no official framework for compensation or remediation.[68] The spoil tip at Kilton remains, and in 1990, was the subject of a public inquiry into whether the tip should be reclaimed. However, the inspector found that it "...was now a uniquely recognisable industrial archaeological relic in East Cleveland...[and] its retention far outweighed the benefits of its removal."[69]

In 2017, a four-year project was started to preserve the remains and provide better access to the historic sites at Rosedale and Warren Moor. The project was allocated £3.8 million, and would also involve the protection of wildlife habitats on previous ironstone workings.[70] Bridges on the original section of the Whitby to Pickering Railway between beck Hole and Grosmont, were renovated in 2020, with new boards by the site of Esk Valley Mine. This was done as part of the Land of Iron project.[33]

In 1983, the Cleveland Ironstone Mining Museum was opened near to the Skinningrove Steelworks in a former ironstone drift mine. The museum also offers the opportunity for people to tour the drift part of the mine.[71][72]

A monument to those who worked in the ironstone industry was unveiled in Skelton in April 2019. The sculpture is of three miners and is titled "The Spirit of East Cleveland".[73]

Listed buildings

Файл:Calcining Kilns, Rosedale East Ironstone Mine - geograph.org.uk - 20641.jpg
Calcining Kilns, Rosedale East

The mine buildings on the surface of Skelton Park pit are the most numerous of those which are listed with Historic England. These include the fanhouse,[74] the main engine house,[75] the powerhouse,[76] the provender house,[77] the secondary winding engine[78] and the workshops.[79] Other listed structures at other locations include:

  • Rosedale East Mines calcining kilns and iron mines – scheduled ancient monument[60]
  • Skelton Shaft Mine explosives magazine – grade II listed[80]
  • Skelton Shaft Mine Guibal fanhouse – grade II listed[81]
  • Trustee Drift Level Mine – Powder Magazine and Adjoining Blast Walls – grade II listed[82]
  • Warren Moor Mine chimney – grade II listed[83]

See also

Gallery

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

External links

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite web
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