Английская Википедия:Irula language

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use Indian English Шаблон:Infobox language

Irula is a Dravidian language spoken by the Irulas who inhabit the area of the Nilgiri mountains, in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka, India.Шаблон:Sfnp It is closely related to Tamil. It is written in the Tamil script.

Origins

The language was first described and classified by indologist Kamil Zvelebil, who in 1955 showed that the Irula language is an independent Southern Dravidian language that is akin to Tamil, particularly Old Tamil, with some Kannada-like features. Before that, it was traditionally denied or put to doubt, and Irula was described as a crude or corrupt mixture of Tamil and Kannada.

According to a tentative hypothesis by Kamil Zvelebil, a pre-Dravidian Melanid population that forms the bulk of the Irulas anthropologically began to speak an ancient pre- or proto-Tamil dialect, which was superimposed almost totally on their native (pre-Dravidian) speech. That then became the basis of the language, which must have subsequently been in close contact with the other tribal languages of the Nilgiri area as well as with the large surrounding languages such as Kannada, Tamil, and Malayalam.[1][2]

Phonology

The tables present the vowelШаблон:Sfnp and the consonantШаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp phonemes of Irula.

Vowels

Front Central Back
short long short long short long short long
High Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink
Mid Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink
Low Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink

Zvelebil and Perialwar had listed centralized <ä, ǟ> before in the phonology. The real quality distinguishing <ä, ǟ> and <a, ā> isn't clear.

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Post-alv./
Palatal
Velar
Nasal Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink
Stop Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink
Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink
Fricative Шаблон:IPAlink
Approx. Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink
Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink
Rhotic Шаблон:IPAlink, Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink
  • It isn't clear how /d/ and /r/ are different phonemes.

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

Шаблон:Dravidian languages Шаблон:Languages of Tamil Nadu Шаблон:Languages spoken in Kerala


Шаблон:Dr-lang-stub