Английская Википедия:Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox royalty
Dona IsabelШаблон:Efn (29 July 1846 – 14 November 1921), nicknamed "the Redemptress",Шаблон:Sfn was the Princess Imperial (heir presumptive to the throne) of the Empire of Brazil and the Empire's regent on three occasions. Born in Rio de Janeiro as the eldest daughter of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and Empress Teresa Cristina, she was a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza (Portuguese: Bragança). After the deaths of her two brothers in infancy, she was recognized as her father's heir presumptive. She married a French prince, Gaston, Count of Eu, in an arranged marriage and they had three sons.
During her father's absences abroad, Isabel acted as regent. In her third and final regency, she actively promoted and ultimately signed a law, named Lei Áurea or the Golden Law, emancipating all slaves in Brazil. Even though the action was broadly popular, there was strong opposition to her succession to the throne. Her gender, strong Catholic faith and marriage to a foreigner were seen as impediments against her, and the emancipation of the slaves generated dislike among powerful planters. In 1889, her family was deposed in a military coup, and she spent the last 30 years of her life in exile in France.
Early life
Birth
Isabel was born at Шаблон:Nowrap on 29 July 1846 in Rio de Janeiro's Paço de São Cristóvão (Palace of Saint Christopher).Шаблон:Sfn She was the daughter of Brazil's Emperor Pedro II and his wife Teresa Cristina.Шаблон:Sfn On 15 November the infant princess was baptized in an elaborate ceremony in Igreja da Glória (Church of Glory).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Her godparents, both represented by proxy, were her uncle, King Ferdinand II of Portugal, and her maternal grandmother María Isabella of Spain.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She was christened Isabel Cristina Leopoldina Augusta Micaela Gabriela Rafaela Gonzaga. Her last four names were always bestowed upon the members of her family, and Isabel and Cristina honored Isabel's maternal grandmother and mother, respectively.Шаблон:Sfn
She was a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza through her father, and from birth was referred to using the honorific Dona (English: Dame or Lady).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She was the granddaughter of Brazil's Emperor Pedro I (who also briefly reigned as Portugal's King Pedro IV), and the niece of Queen Maria II of Portugal (wife of Ferdinand II).Шаблон:Sfn Through her mother, she was a granddaughter of Francis I and niece to Ferdinand II, both kings of the Two Sicilies in turn.Шаблон:Efn
At the time of her birth, she had an elder brother named Afonso who was heir apparent to the Brazilian throne.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Two other siblings followed: Leopoldina in 1847 and Pedro in 1848.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Afonso's death in 1847, at the age of Шаблон:Frac, propelled Isabel to the position of Pedro II's heir presumptive.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She briefly lost the position with the birth of Prince Imperial Pedro. After his death in 1850, Isabel became the definitive heir as Princess Imperial, the title given to the first in the line of succession.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Isabel's early years were a time of peace and prosperity in Brazil. Her parents provided a happy and healthy upbringing. She and her sister "grew up in a stable, secure environment dramatically different from the one her father and aunts had known, and light years away from the childhood chaos of Pedro I."Шаблон:Sfn
Heir to the throne
The early death of both of his sons had an enormous impact on Pedro II. Aside from his personal grief, the loss of his sons affected his future conduct as monarch and would determine the fate of the Empire. In the Emperor's eyes, the deaths of his children seemed to portend an eventual end of the Imperial system. The future of the monarchy as an institution no longer concerned him, as he increasingly saw his position as being nothing more than that of Head of State for his lifetime.Шаблон:Sfn
The Emperor's words revealed his inner conviction. After learning of the death of his son Pedro in 1850, he wrote: "This has been the most fatal blow that I could receive, and certainly I would not have survived were it not that I still have a wife and two children whom I must educate so that they can assure the happiness of the country in which they were born."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Seven years later, in 1857, when it was more than clear that no more children would be born, the Emperor wrote: "As to their education, I will only say that the character of both the princesses ought to be shaped as suits Ladies who, it may be, will have to direct the constitutional government of an Empire such as Brazil".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Although the Emperor still had a legal successor in his beloved daughter Isabel, the male-dominated society of the time left him little hope that a woman could rule Brazil. He was fond and respectful of the women in his life, but he did not consider it feasible that Isabel could survive as monarch, given the political realities and climate.Шаблон:Sfn To historian Roderick J. Barman, the Emperor "could not conceive of women, his daughters included, playing any part in governance. [...] In consequence, although he valued D. Isabel as his daughter, he simply could not accept or perceive her in cold reality as his successor or regard her as a viable ruler."Шаблон:Sfn The main reason for this behavior was his attitude toward the female gender. "Pedro II believed, as did most men of his day", says Barman, "that a single woman could not manage life's problem on her own, even if she possessed the powers and authority of an empress."Шаблон:Sfn
Upbringing
Education
Isabel began her education on 1 May 1854, when she was taught how to read and write by a male instructor, who was openly republican.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn As the Portuguese (and later Brazilian) court tradition demanded, the heir of the throne was supposed to have an aio (supervisor, tutor or governess) in charge of his education once he achieved the age of seven.Шаблон:Sfn After a long search, Pedro II chose the Brazilian-born Luísa Margarida Portugal de Barros, the Countess of Barral, daughter of a Brazilian noble and wife of a French noble.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Barral assumed her position on 9 September 1856, when Isabel was ten years old.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The 40-year-old Countess was a charming and vivacious woman who soon captured the heart of Isabel and became a kind of role model to the young princess.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In Pedro II's own words, his daughters' education "should not differ from that given to men, combined with that suited the other sex, but in a manner that does not distract from the first."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He "provided his daughters with a broad, democratic and rigorous education, through both its curriculum and the teachers who taught it."Шаблон:Sfn For over nine and a half hours per day and six days per week, Isabel and her sister were in class.Шаблон:Sfn Subjects were broad and included Portuguese and French literature, astronomy, chemistry, the history of Portugal, England and France, drawing, piano, dancing, political economy, geography, geology, and the history of philosophy.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn As an adult, beyond her native Portuguese, Isabel became fluent in French, English and German.Шаблон:Sfn
Among her teachers were Barral, others who had taught her father as a child, and even Pedro II, who gave lessons in Latin, geometry, and astronomy.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The education provided to Isabel was lacking, however. All she assimilated were abstract ideas which did not teach her "how to integrate" them "with practical application".Шаблон:Sfn Her tutors and parents did not prepare her to rule Brazil, nor to understand its political and social issues. A way of preparing her for a role as future Empress "would have been to give her from an early age personal experience of the tasks she would face and to relate it to what she learned in the classroom."Шаблон:Sfn That did not happen. Pedro II "showed her no state papers. He did not discuss politics with her. He did not take her with him on his constant visits to government offices. He did not include her in the despacho, the weekly meetings with the cabinet members, nor did he allow her to attend the public audiences that took place twice a week."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She might have been officially heiress to the throne, "but by his treatment of her Pedro II deprived the honor of any meaning."Шаблон:Sfn
Domestic life
Pedro II's behavior as a father was completely different as an emperor. A "man remarkable for his self-control, was at his most affectionate and most outgoing with children, above all his daughters."Шаблон:Sfn His daughters, "whom I love deeply", as Pedro II wrote in his diary in 1861,Шаблон:Sfn "both loved and admired him."Шаблон:Sfn He "was a strict father who demanded obedience",Шаблон:Sfn but who, at the same time, was very kind and concerned with his children.Шаблон:Sfn However, Pedro II "found difficult if not impossible" to grant intimacy to not only Isabel, but "to any member of his family."Шаблон:Sfn
During her upbringing Isabel "absorbed from her instructors conformity to traditional gender roles. She accepted women as dependent and obedient, and indeed her mother's and her governess's behavior did not justify anything else."Шаблон:Sfn She "did not lack powers of observation and a certain shrewdness, but she was very accepting of existence as it was and certainly not given to pondering the justification of existence for the established order."Шаблон:Sfn All this meant that Isabel would not attempt "a position in life autonomous of her father", even less rival him.Шаблон:Sfn
That happened because the Princess Imperial was "at an essential disadvantage with her father. She had a strong personality but she could not turn it to account. As a child she did not share Pedro II's seriousness, his single mindedness, or his interest in the larger world. The coming of adolescence did not improve matters."Шаблон:Sfn In fact, she lacked introspection and had a "tendency to take a cheerful view of life".Шаблон:Sfn Also, Isabel "did not naturally possess much patience or notable powers of endurance. She moved from one interest to another as each in turn caught her fancy. She was not afraid to speak her mind, and she held strong views. However, when she encountered something she did not like, she found it difficult to focus and organize her resistance so as to make her view prevail. She tended to flare up and then to submit or to lose interest."Шаблон:Sfn Isabel's mother, Teresa Cristina, "lived for her family and found fulfillment in making her spouse and her daughters happy."Шаблон:Sfn She "created for her family a home life that was secure, safe and predictable."Шаблон:Sfn Isabel and her sister "loved their gentle mother and worshipped their demanding but emotionally distant father."Шаблон:Sfn From both parents, Isabel inherited a lack of racism.Шаблон:Sfn Pedro II surrounded himself with men "regardless of their race."Шаблон:Sfn Historian James McMurtry Longo said that as "her father's student, daughter, and heir Princess Isabel followed his example. Race never played a role in her social life, political relationships, alliances or disagreements." And concludes: "It may have been the most important lesson learned from him."Шаблон:Sfn
The Imperial family lived in São Cristóvão palace but during the summer (from December to April) went to Pedro II's palace in Petrópolis (nowadays the Imperial Museum of Brazil).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Isabel lived an almost completely secluded life from the outside world, far away from the eyes of the Brazilians. She and her sisters had a few friends. Three of them would remain lifelong friends of Isabel: Maria Ribeiro de Avelar (whose mother was a childhood friend of Pedro II's sisters), Maria Amanda de Paranaguá (daughter of João Lustosa da Cunha Paranaguá, the 2nd Marquis of Paranaguá, a member of the Liberal Party and later Prime Minister) and Adelaide Taunay (daughter of Pedro II's former teacher Félix Émile Taunay and sister of Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay).Шаблон:Sfn The sole male child who was part of Isabel's all female group was Dominique, the only son of the Countess of Barral, who was regarded by the Princess Imperial and her sister as "the younger brother they never had".Шаблон:Sfn
Marriage
Isabel was short, had blue eyes, blond hair,Шаблон:Sfn was a little overweightШаблон:Sfn and lacked eyebrows.Шаблон:Sfn Her father sought a match among the royal house of France, and initially Pierre, Duke of Penthièvre, the son of the Prince of Joinville, was considered.Шаблон:Sfn His mother was Isabel's aunt Princess Francisca of Brazil. Pierre, however, was not interested and declined.Шаблон:Sfn Instead, Joinville suggested his nephews, Gaston, Count of Eu, and Prince Ludwig August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha as suitable choices for the imperial princesses.Шаблон:Sfn The two young men travelled to Brazil in August 1864 so that the prospective brides and grooms could meet before a final agreement to the marriage. Isabel and Leopoldina were not informed until Gaston and August were mid-Atlantic.Шаблон:Sfn Arriving in early September, Gaston described the princesses as "ugly", but thought Isabel less so than her sister. For her part, Isabel in her own words "began to feel a great and tender love" for Gaston.Шаблон:Sfn Gaston and Isabel, and August and Leopoldina, were engaged on 18 September.Шаблон:Sfn
On 15 October, Gaston and Isabel were married at the Imperial Chapel in Rio by the archbishop of Bahia.Шаблон:Sfn Although Gaston encouraged his wife to read broadly, and the Emperor took her on tours of government offices, her outlook remained one of narrow domesticity. She led a life typical of aristocratic women of her generation.Шаблон:Sfn For the first six months of 1865, she and her husband toured Europe.Шаблон:Sfn As Brazil had broken off diplomatic relations with Britain, and her French relations had been deposed in France, they travelled as private citizens and met Queen Victoria as relatives not as official state guests.Шаблон:Sfn On their return to Brazil, Gaston was called to the battle front of the Paraguayan War by the Emperor, leaving Isabel lonely at Rio.Шаблон:Sfn After the conclusion of the war in 1870, Gaston and Isabel again toured Europe. In early 1871, they were in Vienna, where her sister Leopoldina fell fatally ill and died, leaving Isabel the sole surviving child of her parents.Шаблон:Sfn
Regent
First regency
Gaston and Isabel returned to Brazil on 1 May 1871, just three weeks before the Emperor and Empress embarked on their own tour of Europe. Isabel was appointed regent with full powers to govern Brazil in the Emperor's absence, though prime minister José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco, and Gaston were expected to hold the reins of power in reality.Шаблон:Sfn Following the abolition of slavery in the United States, Pedro II was committed to a gradual program of liberation.Шаблон:Sfn On 27 September 1871, with the Emperor still abroad, Isabel signed a new anti-slavery act, passed by the Chamber of Deputies. The Law of Free Birth, as it was called, freed all children born of slaves after that date.Шаблон:Sfn On Pedro II's return to Brazil in March 1872, Isabel was once again excluded from government, and resumed private life.Шаблон:Sfn
Throughout the first years of her marriage, Isabel was eager to have children, but her first pregnancy ended in miscarriage in October 1872.Шаблон:Sfn Worried about her apparent inability to conceive, during a visit to Europe in 1873 she consulted a specialist doctor, and visited the shrine at Lourdes.Шаблон:Sfn By December 1873, she was pregnant. Despite Isabel's pleas to remain in Europe until after the birth, the Emperor insisted she returned to Brazil so that the child, who might inherit the throne, would not be born abroad.Шаблон:Sfn They arrived at Rio in June 1874. After a labor of 50 hours in late July, the baby died in the womb.Шаблон:Sfn Her Catholic faith provided some solace, but her association with ultramontanism, which emphasized the authority of the Church over the government, drew criticism from those who thought the Church should defer to temporal authorities.Шаблон:Sfn
Isabel remained concerned throughout her third pregnancy, in 1875, fearful that it would again end in failure.Шаблон:Sfn A doctor and midwife from France were brought over for the birth, to the dismay of local physicians whose pride was wounded by Isabel's use of foreign practitioners.Шаблон:Sfn After a labor of 13 hours, a boy, baptized Pedro de Alcântara after his grandfather, was delivered with the aid of forceps.Шаблон:Sfn Possibly as the result of the difficult delivery, Pedro was born with a disabled left arm.Шаблон:Sfn
Second regency
The Emperor embarked on a major tour of North America, Europe and the Middle East in March 1876, and Isabel was again made regent.Шаблон:Sfn Elections later in the year returned the incumbent government (led by the Duke of Caxias) but fraud and violence during the campaign damaged both its and Isabel's reputations.Шаблон:Sfn Her popularity also suffered as a result of continued tension between the Church and State.Шаблон:Sfn Adding to her stress, she miscarried on 11 September 1876, and was weakened by loss of blood.Шаблон:Sfn At the same time, her husband was also ill with bronchitis, as a result of which he was virtually bed-ridden for three weeks.Шаблон:Sfn The couple decided to withdraw from public life, as Gaston explained, "When the princess is no longer seen every day in the streets of Rio, she is forgotten for a while and there is less temptation to denounce each of her acts and decisions to a discontented public."Шаблон:Sfn Their seclusion, however, left them isolated and unable to influence public opinion.Шаблон:Sfn Throughout the middle of 1877, during a serious drought in northeastern Brazil that threatened public order, Isabel largely remained at home resting because she was again going through a difficult pregnancy.Шаблон:Sfn
On Pedro II's return to Brazil in late September 1877, he avoided speaking to Isabel, and distanced himself from the government's actions during the regency by declaring that throughout his entire journey he had not sent "a single telegram on the country's affairs" to any minister or Isabel.Шаблон:Sfn Isabel retired to her estate at Petrópolis where she gave birth to a second son, Luiz, in late January 1878.Шаблон:Sfn Three months later, Gaston, Isabel and their two sons left Brazil for an extended stay in Europe, where Pedro was to receive medical treatment for his arm.Шаблон:Sfn Throughout their stay of three and a half years, Isabel avoided politics and showed no interest in current affairs.Шаблон:Sfn Pedro's treatment proved futile, and the couple made plans to return after the birth (with the assistance of forceps) of their final child and third son, Antônio, in August 1881.Шаблон:Sfn Isabel and her family returned to Brazil in December 1881.Шаблон:Sfn
Abolitionism and Golden Law
From November 1884 to March 1885, Isabel toured southern Brazil with her husband, and in January 1887, they left Brazil for a six-month visit to Europe. Their trip was cut short, however, as Pedro II fell ill in March, and they returned in early June. The Emperor was advised to seek medical help in Europe, as a result of which he left Brazil on 30 June, leaving Isabel as regent.Шаблон:Sfn
Abolitionism in Brazil was growing in strength, but the government of Conservative João Maurício Wanderley, Baron of Cotegipe, attempted to slow the pace of reform.Шаблон:Sfn Isabel, in her own words, "became ever more convinced that some action had to be taken" to expand the emancipation program and pressured Cotegipe unsuccessfully to free more slaves.Шаблон:Sfn After the Rio Police's mishandling of a pro-abolition demonstration in early 1888, Isabel acted and appointed Conservative João Alfredo Correia de Oliveira in Cotegipe's place.Шаблон:Sfn
Oliveira's government supported unconditional abolition and swiftly introduced legislation. On 13 May 1888, Isabel signed the Golden Law (A Lei Áurea), as it was known, which enabled the complete cessation of slavery.Шаблон:Sfn Isabel was popularly acclaimed as "the Redemptress" (A Redentora),Шаблон:Sfn and was given a Golden Rose by Pope Leo XIII for her actions.Шаблон:Sfn
Exile
Republican coup d'état
In August 1888, to Isabel's relief, Pedro II returned from Europe and her regency ended.Шаблон:Sfn Gaston wrote: Шаблон:Blockquote With the Emperor ill and Isabel withdrawn from public life, no effort was made to capitalize on the public popularity engendered by the end of slavery.Шаблон:Sfn They had lost the support of slave-owning plantation owners, who held great political, economic and social power.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Isabel was uninterested in politics and did not cultivate politicians or public support. Her religious zeal was distrusted,Шаблон:Sfn and it was widely assumed that if she became Empress Gaston would hold power, but Gaston was isolated because of his increasing deafness, and was unpopular because of his foreign birth.Шаблон:Sfn Her position was further weakened by the intrigues of her nephew Prince Pedro Augusto of Saxe-Coburg, who was maneuvering to be recognized as Pedro II's heir.Шаблон:Sfn Pedro Augusto was told bluntly by his younger brother, "the succession does not belong to her [Isabel], nor to the maimed [Isabel's eldest son Pedro], nor to the deaf [Gaston], nor to you either."Шаблон:Sfn
On 15 November 1889, Pedro II was deposed in a military coup.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He dismissed all suggestions for quelling the rebellion that politicians and military leaders put forward,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and simply commented: "If it is so, it will be my retirement. I have worked too hard and I am tired. I will go rest then."Шаблон:Sfn Within two days, he and his family were on their way to exile in Europe.Шаблон:Sfn
Isabel released a public statement that read: Шаблон:Blockquote
Later years
The imperial family arrived at Lisbon on 7 December 1889.Шаблон:Sfn Three weeks later, Isabel's mother died at Porto, while Isabel and her family were in southern Spain.Шаблон:Sfn Back in Portugal, Isabel fainted at her mother's lying in state.Шаблон:Sfn Further bad news came from Brazil, as the new government abolished the imperial family's allowances, their only substantial source of income, and declared the family banished.Шаблон:Sfn On the back of a large loan from a Portuguese businessman, the imperial family moved into the Hotel Beau Séjour at Cannes.Шаблон:Sfn
In early 1890, Isabel and Gaston moved into a private villa, which was far cheaper than the hotel, but their father refused to accompany them and remained at the Beau Séjour. Gaston's father provided them with a monthly allowance.Шаблон:Sfn By September, they had taken a villa near Versailles and their sons were enrolled in Parisian schools.Шаблон:Sfn Isabel's father died in December 1891, and his property in Brazil was sold with much of the proceeds used to pay off his debts in Europe.Шаблон:Sfn Isabel and Gaston purchased a villa in Boulogne-sur-Seine, where they lived an essentially quiet life.Шаблон:Sfn Attempts by Brazilian monarchists to restore the crown were unsuccessful, and Isabel lent them only half-hearted support. She thought military action unwise and unwelcome, and correctly assumed that it was unlikely to succeed.Шаблон:Sfn
Gaston's father died in 1896, and Gaston's inheritance gave him and Isabel financial security.Шаблон:Sfn Their three sons enrolled at a military school in Vienna, and Isabel continued her charitable work associated with the Catholic Church.Шаблон:Sfn In 1905, Gaston purchased the château d'Eu in Normandy, the former home of King Louis Philippe I, and the couple furnished it with items received from Brazil in the early 1890s.Шаблон:Sfn
By 1908, Isabel's eldest son Pedro wanted to marry an Austro-Hungarian aristocrat Countess Elisabeth Dobrženský of Dobrženitz, but Gaston and Isabel withheld consent because Elisabeth was not a princess. Their consent was only forthcoming when their second son, Luiz, who had travelled to Brazil but had been forbidden to land by the authorities, married Princess Maria di Grazia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and Pedro renounced his claim to the Brazilian throne in favor of his brother.Шаблон:Sfn Luiz and his youngest brother Antônio both served in the British army during World War I (as members of the French royal family they were forbidden to serve in the French military).Шаблон:Sfn Luiz was invalided from active service in 1915, and Antônio died from wounds sustained in an air crash shortly after the armistice.Шаблон:Sfn Isabel wrote to Gaston that she "went out of [her] mind" with grief "but the Good Lord restored it."Шаблон:Sfn Just three months later, Luiz died after a long illness. Isabel's own health was deteriorating, and by 1921 she was barely able to walk. She was too ill to travel to Brazil when the republican government lifted the family's banishment in 1920. Gaston and Pedro revisited Brazil in early 1921, for the reburial of Isabel's parents in Petrópolis Cathedral.Шаблон:Sfn Isabel died before the end of the year, and was buried in her husband's family tomb at Dreux's chapel royal. Gaston died the following year.Шаблон:Sfn In 1953, the remains of Gaston and Isabel were repatriated to Brazil, and in 1971 they were interred in the Cathedral of Petrópolis.Шаблон:Sfn
Legacy
Historian Roderick J. Barman wrote that "in the view of posterity, [Isabel] acted decisively only once on a single issue: the immediate abolition of slavery".Шаблон:Sfn It is for this achievement that she is remembered. As explained by Barman, paradoxically this "principal exercise of power by which posterity alone remembers her ... contributed to her exclusion from public life". Isabel herself wrote, on the day after the republican coup d'état that deposed her father, "If abolition is the cause for this, I don't regret it; I consider it worth losing the throne for."Шаблон:Sfn
Titles and honors
Titles and styles
- 29 July 1846 – 11 June 1847: Her Highness The Princess Dona Isabel of Brazil
- 11 June 1847 – 19 July 1848: Her Imperial Highness The Princess Imperial
- 19 July 1848 – 9 January 1850: Her Highness The Princess Dona Isabel of Brazil
- 9 January 1850 – 14 November 1921: Her Imperial Highness The Princess Imperial
- 15 October 1864 – 14 November 1921: signed her private letters as "Isabel, Condessa d'Eu"
- 1871–72, 1876–77, 1887–88: Her Imperial Highness The Princess Imperial Regent
The Princess's full style and title was "Her Imperial Highness Senhora Dona Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil."Шаблон:Sfn
Honors
Princess Isabel was a recipient of the following Brazilian orders:
- Grand Cross of the Order of ChristШаблон:Sfn
- Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Benedict of AvizШаблон:Sfn
- Grand Cross of the Order of Saint James of the SwordШаблон:Sfn
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern CrossШаблон:Sfn
- Grand Cross of the Order of Pedro IШаблон:Sfn
- Grand Cross of the Order of the RoseШаблон:Sfn
She was a recipient of the following foreign honors:
- Band of the Spanish Order of Queen Maria Luisa, 2 January 1855Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
- Band of the Portuguese Order of Saint IsabelШаблон:Sfn
- Insignia of the Austrian Order of the Starry CrossШаблон:Sfn
- Grand Cross of the Mexican Imperial Order of Saint Charles, 10 April 1865Шаблон:Sfn[1]
Genealogy
Ancestry
Issue
Isabel's marriage with Gaston produced three sons and one daughter. The eldest son, who was named after her father, as the firstborn son of the heiress presumptive, was given the title of Prince of Grão Pará. Isabel's children were
- Dona Luísa Vitória de Orléans e Bragança (1874–1874) (stillborn),
- Dom Pedro de Alcântara de Orléans e Bragança (1875–1940),
- Dom Luís de Orléans e Bragança (1878–1920),
- Dom Antônio de Orléans e Bragança (1881–1918).
Notes
Footnotes
References
- Шаблон:Cite book
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- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
External links
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