Английская Википедия:Isotopes of bromine

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox bromine isotopes Bromine (35Br) has two stable isotopes, 79Br and 81Br, and 32 known radioisotopes, the most stable of which is 77Br, with a half-life of 57.036 hours.

Like the radioactive isotopes of iodine, radioisotopes of bromine, collectively radiobromine, can be used to label biomolecules for nuclear medicine; for example, the positron emitters 75Br and 76Br can be used for positron emission tomography.[1][2] Radiobromine has the advantage that organobromides are more stable than analogous organoiodides, and that it is not uptaken by the thyroid like iodine.[3]

List of isotopes

Шаблон:Isotopes table |- | 68Br[4] | style="text-align:right" | 35 | style="text-align:right" | 33 | 67.95836(28)# | ~35 ns | p? | 67Se | 3+# | | |- | 69Br | style="text-align:right" | 35 | style="text-align:right" | 34 | 68.950338(45) | <19 ns[4] | p | 68Se | (5/2−) | | |- | rowspan=2|70Br | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35 | rowspan=2|69.944792(16) | rowspan=2|78.8(3) ms | β+ | 70Se | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+, p? | 69As |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 70mBr | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2292.3(8) keV | rowspan=2|2.16(5) s | β+ | 70Se | rowspan=2|9+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+, p? | 69As |- | 71Br | style="text-align:right" | 35 | style="text-align:right" | 36 | 70.9393422(58) | 21.4(6) s | β+ | 71Se | (5/2)− | | |- | 72Br | style="text-align:right" | 35 | style="text-align:right" | 37 | 71.9365946(11) | 78.6(24) s | β+ | 72Se | 1+ | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 72mBr | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100.76(15) keV | rowspan=2|10.6(3) s | IT | 72Br | rowspan=2|(3-) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+? | 72Se |- | 73Br | style="text-align:right" | 35 | style="text-align:right" | 38 | 72.9316734(72) | 3.4(2) min | β+ | 73Se | 1/2− | | |- | 74Br | style="text-align:right" | 35 | style="text-align:right" | 39 | 73.9299103(63) | 25.4(3) min | β+ | 74Se | (0−) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 74mBr | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 13.58(21) keV | 46(2) min | β+ | 74Se | 4+ | | |- | rowspan=2|75Br | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 40 | rowspan=2|74.9258106(46) | rowspan=2|96.7(13) min | β+ (76%)[3] | 75Se | rowspan=2|3/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | EC (24%) | 76Se |- | rowspan=2|76Br | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 41 | rowspan=2|75.924542(10) | rowspan=2|16.2(2) h | β+ (57%)[3] | 76Se | rowspan=2|1− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | EC (43%) | 76Se |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 76mBr | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 102.58(3) keV | rowspan=2|1.31(2) s | IT (>99.4%) | 76Br | rowspan=2|(4)+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (<0.6%) | 76Se |- | rowspan=2|77Br | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 42 | rowspan=2|76.9213792(30) | rowspan=2|57.04(12) h | EC (99.3%)[5] | 77Se | rowspan=2|3/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (0.7%) | 77Se |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 77mBr | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 105.86(8) keV | 4.28(10) min | IT | 77Br | 9/2+ | | |- | rowspan=2|78Br | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 43 | rowspan=2|77.9211459(38) | rowspan=2|6.45(4) min | β+ (>99.99%) | 78Se | rowspan=2|1+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β (<0.01%) | 78Kr |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 78mBr | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 180.89(13) keV | 119.4(10) μs | IT | 78Br | (4+) | | |- | 79Br | style="text-align:right" | 35 | style="text-align:right" | 44 | 78.9183376(11) | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 3/2− | 0.5065(9) | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 79mBr | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 207.61(9) keV | 4.85(4) s | IT | 79Br | 9/2+ | | |- | rowspan=2|80Br | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45 | rowspan=2|79.9185298(11) | rowspan=2|17.68(2) min | β (91.7%) | 80Kr | rowspan=2|1+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (8.3%) | 80Se |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 80mBr | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 85.843(4) keV | 4.4205(8) h | IT | 80Br | 5− | | |- | 81Br | style="text-align:right" | 35 | style="text-align:right" | 46 | 80.9162882(10) | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 3/2− | 0.4935(9) | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 81mBr | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 536.20(9) keV | 34.6(28) μs | IT | 81Br | 9/2+ | | |- | 82Br | style="text-align:right" | 35 | style="text-align:right" | 47 | 81.9168018(10) | 35.282(7) h | β | 82Kr | 5− | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 82mBr | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 45.9492(10) keV | rowspan=2|6.13(5) min | IT (97.6%) | 82Br | rowspan=2|2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β (2.4%) | 82Kr |- | 83Br | style="text-align:right" | 35 | style="text-align:right" | 48 | 82.9151753(41) | 2.374(4) h | β | 83Kr | 3/2− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 83mBr | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3069.2(4) keV | 729(77) ns | IT | 83Br | (19/2−) | | |- | 84Br | style="text-align:right" | 35 | style="text-align:right" | 49 | 83.916496(28) | 31.76(8) min | β | 84Kr | 2− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 84m1 | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 310(100) keV | 6.0(2) min | β | 84Kr | (6)− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 84m2Br | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 408.2(4) keV | <140 ns | IT | 84Br | 1+ | | |- | 85Br | style="text-align:right" | 35 | style="text-align:right" | 50 | 84.9156458(33) | 2.90(6) min | β | 85Kr | 3/2− | | |- | 86Br | style="text-align:right" | 35 | style="text-align:right" | 51 | 85.9188054(33) | 55.1(4) s | β | 86Kr | (1−) | | |- | rowspan=2|87Br | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 52 | rowspan=2|86.9206740(34) | rowspan=2|55.68(12) s | β (97.40%) | 87Kr | rowspan=2|5/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β, n (2.60%) | 86Kr |- | rowspan=2|88Br | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 53 | rowspan=2|87.9240833(34) | rowspan=2|16.34(8) s | β (93.42%) | 88Kr | rowspan=2|(1−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β, n (6.58%) | 87Kr |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 88mBr | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 270.17(11) keV | 5.51(4) μs | IT | 88Br | (4−) | | |- | rowspan=2|89Br | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 54 | rowspan=2|88.9267046(35) | rowspan=2|4.357(22) s | β (86.2%) | 89Kr | rowspan=2|(3/2−, 5/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β, n (13.8%) | 88Kr |- | rowspan=2|90Br | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=2|89.9312928(36) | rowspan=2|1.910(10) s | β (74.7%) | 90Kr | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β, n (25.3%) | 89Kr |- | rowspan=2|91Br | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56 | rowspan=2|90.9343986(38) | rowspan=2|543(4) ms | β (70.5%) | 91Kr | rowspan=2|5/2−# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β, n (29.5%) | 90Kr |- | rowspan=3|92Br | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 57 | rowspan=3|91.9396316(72) | rowspan=3|314(16) ms | β (66.9%) | 92Kr | rowspan=3|(2−) | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β, n (33.1%) | 91Kr |- | β, 2n? | 90Kr |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 92m1Br | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 662(1) keV | 88(8) ns | IT | 92Br | | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 92m2Br | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1138(1) keV | 85(10) ns | IT | 92Br | | | |- | rowspan=3|93Br | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 58 | rowspan=3|92.94322(46) | rowspan=3|152(8) ms | β, n (64%) | 92Kr | rowspan=3|5/2−# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β (36%) | 93Kr |- | β, 2n? | 91Kr |- | rowspan=3|94Br | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 59 | rowspan=3|93.94885(22)# | rowspan=3|70(20) ms | β, n (68%) | 93Kr | rowspan=3|2−# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β (32%) | 94Kr |- | β, 2n? | 92Kr |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 94mBr | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 294.6(5) keV | 530(15) ns | IT | 94Br | | | |- | rowspan=3|95Br | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 60 | rowspan=3|94.95293(32)# | rowspan=3|80# ms [>300 ns] | β? | 95Kr | rowspan=3|5/2−# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β, n? | 94Kr |- | β, 2n? | 93Kr |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 95mBr | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 537.9(5) keV | 6.8(10) μs | IT | 95Br | | | |- | rowspan=3|96Br | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 61 | rowspan=3|95.95898(32)# | rowspan=3|20# ms [>300 ns] | β? | 96Kr | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β, n? | 95Kr |- | β, 2n? | 94Kr |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 96mBr | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 311.5(5) keV | 3.0(9) μs | IT | 95Br | | | |- | rowspan=3|97Br | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 62 | rowspan=3|96.96350(43)# | rowspan=3|40# ms [>300 ns] | β? | 97Kr | rowspan=3|5/2−# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β, n? | 96Kr |- | β, 2n? | 95Kr |- | rowspan=3|98Br | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 63 | rowspan=3|97.96989(43)# | rowspan=3|15# ms [>400 ns] | β? | 98Kr | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β, n? | 97Kr |- | β, 2n? | 96Kr |- | 101Br[6] | style="text-align:right" | 35 | style="text-align:right" | 66 | | | | | | | Шаблон:Isotopes table/footer

Bromine-75

Bromine-75 has a half-life of 97 minutes.[7] This isotope undergoes β+ decay rather than electron capture about 76% of the time,[3] so it was used for diagnosis and positron emission tomography (PET) in the 1980s.[1] However, its decay product, selenium-75, produces secondary radioactivity with a longer half-life of 120.4 days.[3][1]

Bromine-76

Bromine-76 has a half-life of 16.2 hours.[7] While its decay is more energetic than 75Br and has lower yield of positrons (about 57% of decays),[3] bromine-76 has been preferred in PET applications since the 1980s because of its longer half-life and easier synthesis, and because its decay product, 76Se, is not radioactive.[2]

Bromine-77

Bromine-77 is the most stable radioisotope of bromine, with a half-life of 57 hours.[7] Although β+ decay is possible for this isotope, about 99.3% of decays are by electron capture.[5] Despite its complex emission spectrum, featuring strong gamma-ray emissions at 239, 297, 521, and 579 keV,[8] 77Br was used in SPECT imaging in the 1970s,[9] but except for longer-term tracing,[3] this is no longer considered practical due to the difficult collimator requirements and the proximity of the 521 keV line to the 511 keV annihilation radiation related to the β+ decay.[9] However, the auger electrons emitted during decay are well-suited for radiotherapy, and it can possibly be paired with the imaging-suited 76Br (produced as an impurity in common synthesis routes) for this application.[1][9]

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Navbox element isotopes Шаблон:Authority control