Английская Википедия:Isotopes of caesium

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox caesium isotopes Caesium (₅₅Cs) has 41 known isotopes, the atomic masses of these isotopes range from 112 to 152. Only one isotope, ¹³³Cs, is stable. The longest-lived radioisotopes are ¹³⁵Cs with a half-life of 1.33 million years, Шаблон:SimpleNuclide with a half-life of 30.1671 years and ¹³⁴Cs with a half-life of 2.0652 years. All other isotopes have half-lives less than 2 weeks, most under an hour.

Beginning in 1945 with the commencement of nuclear testing, caesium radioisotopes were released into the atmosphere where caesium is absorbed readily into solution and is returned to the surface of the Earth as a component of radioactive fallout. Once caesium enters the ground water, it is deposited on soil surfaces and removed from the landscape primarily by particle transport. As a result, the input function of these isotopes can be estimated as a function of time.

List of isotopes

Шаблон:Isotopes table |- | rowspan=2|¹¹²Cs | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 57 | rowspan=2|111.95030(33)# | rowspan=2|500(100) μs | p | ¹¹¹Xe | rowspan=2|1+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α | ¹⁰⁸I |- | rowspan=2|¹¹³Cs | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 58 | rowspan=2|112.94449(11) | rowspan=2|16.7(7) μs | p (99.97%) | ¹¹²Xe | rowspan=2|5/2+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺ (.03%) | ¹¹³Xe |- | rowspan=4|¹¹⁴Cs | rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 59 | rowspan=4|113.94145(33)# | rowspan=4|0.57(2) s | β⁺ (91.09%) | ¹¹⁴Xe | rowspan=4|(1+) | rowspan=4| | rowspan=4| |- | β⁺, p (8.69%) | ¹¹³I |- | β⁺, α (.19%) | ¹¹⁰Te |- | α (.018%) | ¹¹⁰I |- | rowspan=2|¹¹⁵Cs | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 60 | rowspan=2|114.93591(32)# | rowspan=2|1.4(8) s | β⁺ (99.93%) | ¹¹⁵Xe | rowspan=2|9/2+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺, p (.07%) | ¹¹⁴I |- | rowspan=3|¹¹⁶Cs | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 61 | rowspan=3|115.93337(11)# | rowspan=3|0.70(4) s | β⁺ (99.67%) | ¹¹⁶Xe | rowspan=3|(1+) | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁺, p (.279%) | ¹¹⁵I |- | β⁺, α (.049%) | ¹¹²Te |- | rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | ^116mCs | rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100(60)# keV | rowspan=3|3.85(13) s | β⁺ (99.48%) | ¹¹⁶Xe | rowspan=3|4+, 5, 6 | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁺, p (.51%) | ¹¹⁵I |- | β⁺, α (.008%) | ¹¹²Te |- | ¹¹⁷Cs | style="text-align:right" | 55 | style="text-align:right" | 62 | 116.92867(7) | 8.4(6) s | β⁺ | ¹¹⁷Xe | (9/2+)# | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^117mCs | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 150(80)# keV | 6.5(4) s | β⁺ | ¹¹⁷Xe | 3/2+# | | |- | rowspan=3|¹¹⁸Cs | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 63 | rowspan=3|117.926559(14) | rowspan=3|14(2) s | β⁺ (99.95%) | ¹¹⁸Xe | rowspan=3|2 | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁺, p (.042%) | ¹¹⁷I |- | β⁺, α (.0024%) | ¹¹⁴Te |- | rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | ^118mCs | rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100(60)# keV | rowspan=3|17(3) s | β⁺ (99.95%) | ¹¹⁸Xe | rowspan=3|(7−) | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁺, p (.042%) | ¹¹⁷I |- | β⁺, α (.0024%) | ¹¹⁴Te |- | rowspan=2|¹¹⁹Cs | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 64 | rowspan=2|118.922377(15) | rowspan=2|43.0(2) s | β⁺ | ¹¹⁹Xe | rowspan=2|9/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺, α (2×10⁻⁶%) | ¹¹⁵Te |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^119mCs | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 50(30)# keV | 30.4(1) s | β⁺ | ¹¹⁹Xe | 3/2(+) | | |- | rowspan=3|¹²⁰Cs | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 65 | rowspan=3|119.920677(11) | rowspan=3|61.2(18) s | β⁺ | ¹²⁰Xe | rowspan=3|2(−#) | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁺, α (2×10⁻⁵%) | ¹¹⁶Te |- | β⁺, p (7×10⁻⁶%) | ¹¹⁹I |- | rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | ^120mCs | rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100(60)# keV | rowspan=3|57(6) s | β⁺ | ¹²⁰Xe | rowspan=3|(7−) | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁺, α (2×10⁻⁵%) | ¹¹⁶Te |- | β⁺, p (7×10⁻⁶%) | ¹¹⁹I |- | ¹²¹Cs | style="text-align:right" | 55 | style="text-align:right" | 66 | 120.917229(15) | 155(4) s | β⁺ | ¹²¹Xe | 3/2(+) | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^121mCs | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 68.5(3) keV | rowspan=2|122(3) s | β⁺ (83%) | ¹²¹Xe | rowspan=2|9/2(+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (17%) | ¹²¹Cs |- | rowspan=2|¹²²Cs | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 67 | rowspan=2|121.91611(3) | rowspan=2|21.18(19) s | β⁺ | ¹²²Xe | rowspan=2|1+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺, α (2×10⁻⁷%) | ¹¹⁸Te |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^122m1Cs | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 45.8 keV | >1 μs | | | (3)+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^122m2Cs | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 140(30) keV | 3.70(11) min | β⁺ | ¹²²Xe | 8− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^122m3Cs | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 127.0(5) keV | 360(20) ms | | | (5)− | | |- | ¹²³Cs | style="text-align:right" | 55 | style="text-align:right" | 68 | 122.912996(13) | 5.88(3) min | β⁺ | ¹²³Xe | 1/2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^123m1Cs | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 156.27(5) keV | 1.64(12) s | IT | ¹²³Cs | (11/2)− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^123m2Cs | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 231.63+X keV | 114(5) ns | | | (9/2+) | | |- | ¹²⁴Cs | style="text-align:right" | 55 | style="text-align:right" | 69 | 123.912258(9) | 30.9(4) s | β⁺ | ¹²⁴Xe | 1+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^124mCs | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 462.55(17) keV | 6.3(2) s | IT | ¹²⁴Cs | (7)+ | | |- | ¹²⁵Cs | style="text-align:right" | 55 | style="text-align:right" | 70 | 124.909728(8) | 46.7(1) min | β⁺ | ¹²⁵Xe | 1/2(+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^125mCs | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 266.6(11) keV | 900(30) ms | | | (11/2−) | | |- | ¹²⁶Cs | style="text-align:right" | 55 | style="text-align:right" | 71 | 125.909452(13) | 1.64(2) min | β⁺ | ¹²⁶Xe | 1+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^126m1Cs | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 273.0(7) keV | >1 μs | | | | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^126m2Cs | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 596.1(11) keV | 171(14) μs | | | | | |- | ¹²⁷Cs | style="text-align:right" | 55 | style="text-align:right" | 72 | 126.907418(6) | 6.25(10) h | β⁺ | ¹²⁷Xe | 1/2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^127mCs | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 452.23(21) keV | 55(3) μs | | | (11/2)− | | |- | ¹²⁸Cs | style="text-align:right" | 55 | style="text-align:right" | 73 | 127.907749(6) | 3.640(14) min | β⁺ | ¹²⁸Xe | 1+ | | |- | ¹²⁹Cs | style="text-align:right" | 55 | style="text-align:right" | 74 | 128.906064(5) | 32.06(6) h | β⁺ | ¹²⁹Xe | 1/2+ | | |- | rowspan=2|¹³⁰Cs | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 75 | rowspan=2|129.906709(9) | rowspan=2|29.21(4) min | β⁺ (98.4%) | ¹³⁰Xe | rowspan=2|1+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻ (1.6%) | ¹³⁰Ba |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^130mCs | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 163.25(11) keV | rowspan=2|3.46(6) min | IT (99.83%) | ¹³⁰Cs | rowspan=2|5− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺ (.16%) | ¹³⁰Xe |- | ¹³¹Cs | style="text-align:right" | 55 | style="text-align:right" | 76 | 130.905464(5) | 9.689(16) d | EC | ¹³¹Xe | 5/2+ | | |- | rowspan=2|¹³²Cs | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 77 | rowspan=2|131.9064343(20) | rowspan=2|6.480(6) d | β⁺ (98.13%) | ¹³²Xe | rowspan=2|2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻ (1.87%) | ¹³²Ba |- | ¹³³Cs^{[n 1]}^{[n 2]} | style="text-align:right" | 55 | style="text-align:right" | 78 | 132.905451933(24) | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 7/2+ | 1.0000 | |- | rowspan=2|¹³⁴Cs^{[n 2]} | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 79 | rowspan=2|133.906718475(28) | rowspan=2|2.0652(4) y | β⁻ | ¹³⁴Ba | rowspan=2|4+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | EC (3×10⁻⁴%) | ¹³⁴Xe |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^134mCs | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 138.7441(26) keV | 2.912(2) h | IT | ¹³⁴Cs | 8− | | |- | ¹³⁵Cs^{[n 2]} | style="text-align:right" | 55 | style="text-align:right" | 80 | 134.9059770(11) | 2.3 x10⁶ y | β⁻ | ¹³⁵Ba | 7/2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^135mCs | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1632.9(15) keV | 53(2) min | IT | ¹³⁵Cs | 19/2− | | |- | ¹³⁶Cs | style="text-align:right" | 55 | style="text-align:right" | 81 | 135.9073116(20) | 13.16(3) d | β⁻ | ¹³⁶Ba | 5+ | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^136mCs | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 518(5) keV | rowspan=2|19(2) s | β⁻ | ¹³⁶Ba | rowspan=2|8− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT | ¹³⁶Cs |- | rowspan=2|¹³⁷Cs^{[n 2]} | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2|136.9070895(5) | rowspan=2|30.1671(13) y | β⁻ (95%) | ^137mBa | rowspan=2|7/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻ (5%) | ¹³⁷Ba |- | ¹³⁸Cs | style="text-align:right" | 55 | style="text-align:right" | 83 | 137.911017(10) | 33.41(18) min | β⁻ | ¹³⁸Ba | 3− | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^138mCs | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 79.9(3) keV | rowspan=2|2.91(8) min | IT (81%) | ¹³⁸Cs | rowspan=2|6− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻ (19%) | ¹³⁸Ba |- | ¹³⁹Cs | style="text-align:right" | 55 | style="text-align:right" | 84 | 138.913364(3) | 9.27(5) min | β⁻ | ¹³⁹Ba | 7/2+ | | |- | ¹⁴⁰Cs | style="text-align:right" | 55 | style="text-align:right" | 85 | 139.917282(9) | 63.7(3) s | β⁻ | ¹⁴⁰Ba | 1− | | |- | rowspan=2|¹⁴¹Cs | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 86 | rowspan=2|140.920046(11) | rowspan=2|24.84(16) s | β⁻ (99.96%) | ¹⁴¹Ba | rowspan=2|7/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻, n (.0349%) | ¹⁴⁰Ba |- | rowspan=2|¹⁴²Cs | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87 | rowspan=2|141.924299(11) | rowspan=2|1.689(11) s | β⁻ (99.9%) | ¹⁴²Ba | rowspan=2|0− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻, n (.091%) | ¹⁴¹Ba |- | rowspan=2|¹⁴³Cs | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 | rowspan=2|142.927352(25) | rowspan=2|1.791(7) s | β⁻ (98.38%) | ¹⁴³Ba | rowspan=2|3/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻, n (1.62%) | ¹⁴²Ba |- | rowspan=2|¹⁴⁴Cs | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 89 | rowspan=2|143.932077(28) | rowspan=2|994(4) ms | β⁻ (96.8%) | ¹⁴⁴Ba | rowspan=2|1(−#) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻, n (3.2%) | ¹⁴³Ba |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^144mCs | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 300(200)# keV | rowspan=2|<1 s | β⁻ | ¹⁴⁴Ba | rowspan=2|(>3) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT | ¹⁴⁴Cs |- | rowspan=2|¹⁴⁵Cs | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 90 | rowspan=2|144.935526(12) | rowspan=2|582(6) ms | β⁻ (85.7%) | ¹⁴⁵Ba | rowspan=2|3/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻, n (14.3%) | ¹⁴⁴Ba |- | rowspan=2|¹⁴⁶Cs | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 91 | rowspan=2|145.94029(8) | rowspan=2|0.321(2) s | β⁻ (85.8%) | ¹⁴⁶Ba | rowspan=2|1− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻, n (14.2%) | ¹⁴⁵Ba |- | rowspan=2|¹⁴⁷Cs | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 92 | rowspan=2|146.94416(6) | rowspan=2|0.235(3) s | β⁻ (71.5%) | ¹⁴⁷Ba | rowspan=2|(3/2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻, n (28.49%) | ¹⁴⁶Ba |- | rowspan=2|¹⁴⁸Cs | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 93 | rowspan=2|147.94922(62) | rowspan=2|146(6) ms | β⁻ (74.9%) | ¹⁴⁸Ba | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻, n (25.1%) | ¹⁴⁷Ba |- | rowspan=2|¹⁴⁹Cs | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 94 | rowspan=2|148.95293(21)# | rowspan=2|150# ms [>50 ms] | β⁻ | ¹⁴⁹Ba | rowspan=2|3/2+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻, n | ¹⁴⁸Ba |- | rowspan=2|¹⁵⁰Cs | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 95 | rowspan=2|149.95817(32)# | rowspan=2|100# ms [>50 ms] | β⁻ | ¹⁵⁰Ba | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻, n | ¹⁴⁹Ba |- | rowspan=2|¹⁵¹Cs | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 96 | rowspan=2|150.96219(54)# | rowspan=2|60# ms [>50 ms] | β⁻ | ¹⁵¹Ba | rowspan=2|3/2+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻, n | ¹⁵⁰Ba Шаблон:Isotopes table/footer

Caesium-131

Caesium-131, introduced in 2004 for brachytherapy by Isoray,^[1] has a half-life of 9.7 days and 30.4 keV energy.

Caesium-133

Caesium-133 is the only stable isotope of caesium. The SI base unit of time, the second, is defined by a specific caesium-133 transition. Since 1967, the official definition of a second is:

Шаблон:Quote

Caesium-134

Caesium-134 has a half-life of 2.0652 years. It is produced both directly (at a very small yield because ¹³⁴Xe is stable) as a fission product and via neutron capture from nonradioactive ¹³³Cs (neutron capture cross section 29 barns), which is a common fission product. Caesium-134 is not produced via beta decay of other fission product nuclides of mass 134 since beta decay stops at stable ¹³⁴Xe. It is also not produced by nuclear weapons because ¹³³Cs is created by beta decay of original fission products only long after the nuclear explosion is over.

The combined yield of ¹³³Cs and ¹³⁴Cs is given as 6.7896%. The proportion between the two will change with continued neutron irradiation. ¹³⁴Cs also captures neutrons with a cross section of 140 barns, becoming long-lived radioactive ¹³⁵Cs.

Caesium-134 undergoes beta decay (β⁻), producing ¹³⁴Ba directly and emitting on average 2.23 gamma ray photons (mean energy 0.698 MeV).^[2]

Caesium-135

Шаблон:Long-lived fission products Caesium-135 is a mildly radioactive isotope of caesium with a half-life of 2.3 million years. It decays via emission of a low-energy beta particle into the stable isotope barium-135. Caesium-135 is one of the seven long-lived fission products and the only alkaline one. In most types of nuclear reprocessing, it stays with the medium-lived fission products (including Шаблон:Chem which can only be separated from Cs-135 via isotope separation) rather than with other long-lived fission products. Except in the Molten salt reactor, where Cs-135 is created as a completely separate stream outside the fuel (after the decay of bubble-separated Xe-135). The low decay energy, lack of gamma radiation, and long half-life of ¹³⁵Cs make this isotope much less hazardous than ¹³⁷Cs or ¹³⁴Cs.

Its precursor ¹³⁵Xe has a high fission product yield (e.g. 6.3333% for ²³⁵U and thermal neutrons) but also has the highest known thermal neutron capture cross section of any nuclide. Because of this, much of the ¹³⁵Xe produced in current thermal reactors (as much as >90% at steady-state full power)^[3] will be converted to extremely long-lived (half-life on the order of 10²¹ years) Шаблон:Chem before it can decay to Шаблон:Chem despite the relatively short half life of Шаблон:Chem. Little or no Шаблон:Chem will be destroyed by neutron capture after a reactor shutdown, or in a molten salt reactor that continuously removes xenon from its fuel, a fast neutron reactor, or a nuclear weapon. The xenon pit is a phenomenon of excess neutron absorption through Шаблон:Chem buildup in the reactor after a reduction in power or a shutdown and is often managed by letting the Шаблон:Chem decay away to a level at which neutron flux can be safely controlled via control rods again.

A nuclear reactor will also produce much smaller amounts of ¹³⁵Cs from the nonradioactive fission product ¹³³Cs by successive neutron capture to ¹³⁴Cs and then ¹³⁵Cs.

The thermal neutron capture cross section and resonance integral of ¹³⁵Cs are Шаблон:Nowrap and Шаблон:Nowrap respectively.^[4] Disposal of ¹³⁵Cs by nuclear transmutation is difficult, because of the low cross section as well as because neutron irradiation of mixed-isotope fission caesium produces more ¹³⁵Cs from stable ¹³³Cs. In addition, the intense medium-term radioactivity of ¹³⁷Cs makes handling of nuclear waste difficult.^[5]

ANL factsheet

Caesium-136

Caesium-136 has a half-life of 13.16 days. It is produced both directly (at a very small yield because ¹³⁶Xe is beta-stable) as a fission product and via neutron capture from long-lived ¹³⁵Cs (neutron capture cross section 8.702 barns), which is a common fission product. Caesium-136 is not produced via beta decay of other fission product nuclides of mass 136 since beta decay stops at almost-stable ¹³⁶Xe. It is also not produced by nuclear weapons because ¹³⁵Cs is created by beta decay of original fission products only long after the nuclear explosion is over. ¹³⁶Cs also captures neutrons with a cross section of 13.00 barns, becoming medium-lived radioactive ¹³⁷Cs. Caesium-136 undergoes beta decay (β−), producing ¹³⁶Ba directly.

Caesium-137

Шаблон:Main Caesium-137, with a half-life of 30.17 years, is one of the two principal medium-lived fission products, along with ⁹⁰Sr, which are responsible for most of the radioactivity of spent nuclear fuel after several years of cooling, up to several hundred years after use. It constitutes most of the radioactivity still left from the Chernobyl accident and is a major health concern for decontaminating land near the Fukushima nuclear power plant.^[6] ¹³⁷Cs beta decays to barium-137m (a short-lived nuclear isomer) then to nonradioactive barium-137. Caesium-137 does not emit gamma radiation directly, all observed radiation is due to the daughter isotope barium-137m.

¹³⁷Cs has a very low rate of neutron capture and cannot yet be feasibly disposed of in this way unless advances in neutron beam collimation (not otherwise achievable by magnetic fields), uniquely available only from within muon catalyzed fusion experiments (not in the other forms of Accelerator Transmutation of Nuclear Waste) enables production of neutrons at high enough intensity to offset and overcome these low capture rates; until then, therefore, ¹³⁷Cs must simply be allowed to decay.

¹³⁷Cs has been used as a tracer in hydrologic studies, analogous to the use of ³H.

Other isotopes of caesium

The other isotopes have half-lives from a few days to fractions of a second. Almost all caesium produced from nuclear fission comes from beta decay of originally more neutron-rich fission products, passing through isotopes of iodine then isotopes of xenon. Because these elements are volatile and can diffuse through nuclear fuel or air, caesium is often created far from the original site of fission.

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Isotope masses from:
- Шаблон:NUBASE 2003
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- Шаблон:CIAAW2003
- Шаблон:CIAAW 2005
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.

Шаблон:Navbox element isotopes Шаблон:Authority control

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[131Cs-Isoray-3] Шаблон:Cite web

[134Cs-JAEA-4] Шаблон:Cite web

[Groh2004-5] Шаблон:Cite web

[Hatsukawa1999-6] Шаблон:Cite journal

[Ohki-7] Шаблон:Cite journal

[137Cs-Normile-8] Шаблон:Cite journal

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Английская Википедия:Isotopes of caesium

Содержание

List of isotopes

Caesium-131

Caesium-133

Caesium-134

Caesium-135

Caesium-136

Caesium-137

Other isotopes of caesium

References

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