Английская Википедия:Isotopes of lawrencium

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox lawrencium isotopes Lawrencium (₁₀₃Lr) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was ²⁵⁸Lr in 1961. There are fourteen known isotopes from ²⁵¹Lr to ²⁶⁶Lr, and seven isomers. The longest-lived known isotope is ²⁶⁶Lr with a half-life of 11 hours.

List of isotopes

Шаблон:Isotopes table |- | rowspan=2|²⁵¹Lr^[1] | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 103 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 148 | rowspan=2|251.09418(32)# | rowspan=2|Шаблон:Val | α | ²⁴⁷Md | rowspan=2|7/2− |- | SF^[2]Шаблон:Refn | (various) |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^251mLr^[1] | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 117(27) keV | Шаблон:Val | α | ²⁴⁷Md | 1/2− |- | rowspan=3|²⁵²Lr^{[n 1]}Шаблон:NUBASE2020 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 103 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 149 | rowspan=3|252.09526(26)# | rowspan=3|369(75) ms
[[[:Шаблон:Val]]] | α (~98%) | ²⁴⁸Md | rowspan=3| |- | SF (~2%) | (various) |- | β⁺? | ²⁵²No |- | rowspan=3|²⁵³Lr^[3] | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 103 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 150 | rowspan=3|253.09509(22)# | rowspan=3|632(46) msШаблон:NUBASE2020 | α (>97%) | ²⁴⁹Md | rowspan=3|(7/2−) |- | SF (1.0%) | (various) |- | β⁺ (<2%) | ²⁵³No |- | rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | ^253mLr | rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 30(100)# keV | rowspan=3|1.32(14) s | α (>86%) | ²⁴⁹Md | rowspan=3|(1/2−) |- | SF (12%) | (various) |- | β⁺ (<2%) | ²⁵³No |- | rowspan=3|²⁵⁴LrШаблон:NUBASE2020^[4] | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 103 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 151 | rowspan=3|254.096240(100)^[5] | rowspan=3|11.9(9) s | α (71.7%) | ²⁵⁰Md | rowspan=3|(4+) |- | β⁺ (28.3%) | ²⁵⁴No |- | SF (<0.1%) | (various) |- | rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | ^254mLr | rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 110(6) keV^[6] | rowspan=3|20.3(4.2) s | α | ²⁵⁰Md | rowspan=3|(1-) |- | β⁺ | ²⁵⁴No |- | IT? | ²⁵⁴Lr |- | rowspan=3|²⁵⁵LrШаблон:NUBASE2020 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 103 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 152 | rowspan=3|255.096562(19) | rowspan=3|31.1(1.1) s | α (85%) | ²⁵¹Md | rowspan=3|1/2−^[1] |- | β⁺ (15%)^[7] | ²⁵⁵No |- | SF (rare) | (various) |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^255m1LrШаблон:NUBASE2020 | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 32(2) keV^[6] | rowspan=2|2.54(5) s | IT (~60%) | ²⁵⁵Lr | rowspan=2|(7/2−) |- | α (~40%) | ²⁵¹Md |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^255m2LrШаблон:NUBASE2020 | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 796(12) keV | <1 μs | IT | ^255m1Lr | (15/2+) |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^255m3LrШаблон:NUBASE2020 | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1465(12) keV | 1.78(0.05) ms | IT | ^255m2Lr | (25/2+) |- | rowspan=3|²⁵⁶LrШаблон:NUBASE2020 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 103 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 153 | rowspan=3|256.09849(9) | rowspan=3|27.9(1.0) s | α (85%) | ²⁵²Md | rowspan=3|(0-,3-)# |- | β⁺ (15%) | ²⁵⁶No |- | SF (<0.03%) | (various) |- | rowspan=3|²⁵⁷Lr^[8] | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 103 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 154 | rowspan=3|257.09942(5)# | rowspan=3|Шаблон:Val | α | ²⁵³Md | rowspan=3|(9/2+,7/2-) |- | β⁺ (rare) | ²⁵⁷No |- | SF (rare) | (various) |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^257mLrШаблон:NUBASE2020 | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100(50)# keV | rowspan=2|Шаблон:Val | α | ²⁵³Md | rowspan=2|(1/2−) |- | IT | ²⁵⁷Lr |- | rowspan=2|²⁵⁸Lr^[9] | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 103 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 155 | rowspan=2|258.10176(11)# | rowspan=2|Шаблон:Val | α (97.4%) | ²⁵⁴Md | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺ (2.6%) | ²⁵⁸No |- | rowspan=3|²⁵⁹LrШаблон:NUBASE2020 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 103 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 156 | rowspan=3|259.10290(8)# | rowspan=3|6.2(3) s | α (78%) | ²⁵⁵Md | rowspan=3|1/2-# |- | SF (22%) | (various) |- | β⁺ (rare) | ²⁵⁹No |- | rowspan=3|²⁶⁰LrШаблон:NUBASE2020 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 103 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 157 | rowspan=3|260.10551(13)# | rowspan=3|3.0(5) min | α (80%) | ²⁵⁶Md | rowspan=3| |- | β⁺ (20%) | ²⁶⁰No |- | SF (rare) | (various) |- | rowspan=2|²⁶¹LrШаблон:NUBASE2020 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 103 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 158 | rowspan=2|261.10688(22)# | rowspan=2|39(12) min | SF | (various) | rowspan=2|1/2-# |- | α (<10%)^[10] | ²⁵⁷Md |- | rowspan=3|²⁶²LrШаблон:NUBASE2020 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 103 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 159 | rowspan=3|262.10961(22)# | rowspan=3|~4 h | β⁺ | ²⁶²No | rowspan=3| |- | SF (<10%) | (various) |- | α (<7.5%)^[11] | ²⁵⁸Md |- | ²⁶⁴Lr^{[n 2]} | style="text-align:right" | 103 | style="text-align:right" | 161 | 264.11420(47)# | Шаблон:Val h^[12] | SF | (various) | |- | ²⁶⁶Lr^{[n 3]} | style="text-align:right" | 103 | style="text-align:right" | 163 | 266.11983(56)# | 22(14) h
[[[:Шаблон:Val]]]Шаблон:NUBASE2020 | SF | (various) | |- Шаблон:Isotopes table/footer

Nucleosynthesis

Cold fusion

²⁰⁵Tl(⁵⁰Ti,xn)^255−xLr (x=2)

This reaction was studied in a series of experiments in 1976 by Yuri Oganessian and his team at the FLNR. Evidence was provided for the formation of ²⁵³Lr in the 2n exit channel. In 2022, two states (²⁵³Lr and ^253mLr) were found.

²⁰³Tl(⁵⁰Ti,xn)^253−xLr (x=2)

This reaction was studied in a series of experiments in 1976 by Yuri Oganessian and his team at the FLNR. In 2022, two states (²⁵¹Lr and ^251mLr) were found.

²⁰⁸Pb(⁴⁸Ti,pxn)^255−xLr (x=1?)

This reaction was reported in 1984 by Yuri Oganessian at the FLNR. The team was able to detect decays of ²⁴⁶Cf, a descendant of ²⁵⁴Lr.

²⁰⁸Pb(⁴⁵Sc,xn)^253−xLr

This reaction was studied in a series of experiments in 1976 by Yuri Oganessian and his team at the FLNR. Results are not readily available.

²⁰⁹Bi(⁴⁸Ca,xn)^257−xLr (x=2)

This reaction has been used to study the spectroscopic properties of ²⁵⁵Lr. The team at GANIL used the reaction in 2003 and the team at the FLNR used it between 2004–2006 to provide further information for the decay scheme of ²⁵⁵Lr. The work provided evidence for an isomeric level in ²⁵⁵Lr.

Hot fusion

²⁴³Am(¹⁸O,xn)^261−xLr (x=5)

This reaction was first studied in 1965 by the team at the FLNR. They were able to detect activity with a characteristic decay of 45 seconds, which was assigned to²⁵⁶Lr or ²⁵⁷Lr. Later work suggests an assignment to ²⁵⁶Lr. Further studies in 1968 produced an 8.35–8.60 MeV alpha activity with a half-life of 35 seconds. This activity was also initially assigned to ²⁵⁶Lr or ²⁵⁷Lr and later to solely ²⁵⁶Lr.

²⁴³Am(¹⁶O,xn)^259−xLr (x=4)

This reaction was studied in 1970 by the team at the FLNR. They were able to detect an 8.38 MeV alpha activity with a half-life of 20s. This was assigned to²⁵⁵Lr.

²⁴⁸Cm(¹⁵N,xn)^263−xLr (x=3,4,5)

This reaction was studied in 1971 by the team at the LBNL in their large study of lawrencium isotopes. They were able to assign alpha activities to²⁶⁰Lr,²⁵⁹Lr and ²⁵⁸Lr from the 3-5n exit channels.

²⁴⁸Cm(¹⁸O,pxn)^265−xLr (x=3,4)

This reaction was studied in 1988 at the LBNL in order to assess the possibility of producing ²⁶²Lr and ²⁶¹Lr without using the exotic ²⁵⁴Es target. It was also used to attempt to measure an electron capture (EC) branch in ^261mRf from the 5n exit channel. After extraction of the Lr(III) component, they were able to measure the spontaneous fission of ²⁶¹Lr with an improved half-life of 44 minutes. The production cross-section was 700 pb. On this basis, a 14% electron capture branch was calculated if this isotope was produced via the 5n channel rather than the p4n channel. A lower bombarding energy (93 MeV c.f. 97 MeV) was then used to measure the production of ²⁶²Lr in the p3n channel. The isotope was successfully detected and a yield of 240 pb was measured. The yield was lower than expected compared to the p4n channel. However, the results were judged to indicate that the ²⁶¹Lr was most likely produced by a p3n channel and an upper limit of 14% for the electron capture branch of ^261mRf was therefore suggested.

²⁴⁶Cm(¹⁴N,xn)^260−xLr (x=3?)

This reaction was studied briefly in 1958 at the LBNL using an enriched ²⁴⁴Cm target (5% ²⁴⁶Cm). They observed a ~9 MeV alpha activity with a half-life of ~0.25 seconds. Later results suggest a tentative assignment to ²⁵⁷Lr from the 3n channel

²⁴⁴Cm(¹⁴N,xn)^258−xLr

This reaction was studied briefly in 1958 at the LBNL using an enriched ²⁴⁴Cm target (5% ²⁴⁶Cm). They observed a ~9 MeV alpha activity with a half-life of ~0.25s. Later results suggest a tentative assignment to ²⁵⁷Lr from the 3n channel with the ²⁴⁶Cm component. No activities assigned to reaction with the ²⁴⁴Cm component have been reported.

²⁴⁹Bk(¹⁸O,αxn)^263−xLr (x=3)

This reaction was studied in 1971 by the team at the LBNL in their large study of lawrencium isotopes. They were able to detect an activity assigned to ²⁶⁰Lr. The reaction was further studied in 1988 to study the aqueous chemistry of lawrencium. A total of 23 alpha decays were measured for ²⁶⁰Lr, with a mean energy of 8.03 MeV and an improved half-life of 2.7 minutes. The calculated cross-section was 8.7 nb.

²⁵²Cf(¹¹B,xn)^263−xLr (x=5,7??)

This reaction was first studied in 1961 at the University of California by Albert Ghiorso by using a californium target (52% ²⁵²Cf). They observed three alpha activities of 8.6, 8.4 and 8.2 MeV, with half-lives of about 8 and 15 seconds, respectively. The 8.6 MeV activity was tentatively assigned to ²⁵⁷Lr. Later results suggest a reassignment to ²⁵⁸Lr, resulting from the 5n exit channel. The 8.4 MeV activity was also assigned to ²⁵⁷Lr. Later results suggest a reassignment to ²⁵⁶Lr. This is most likely from the 33% ²⁵⁰Cf component in the target rather than from the 7n channel. The 8.2 MeV was subsequently associated with nobelium.

²⁵²Cf(¹⁰B,xn)^262−xLr (x=4,6)

This reaction was first studied in 1961 at the University of California by Albert Ghiorso by using a californium target (52% ²⁵²Cf). They observed three alpha activities of 8.6, 8.4 and 8.2 MeV, with half-lives of about 8 and 15 seconds, respectively. The 8.6 MeV activity was tentatively assigned to ²⁵⁷Lr. Later results suggest a reassignment to ²⁵⁸Lr. The 8.4 MeV activity was also assigned to ²⁵⁷Lr. Later results suggest a reassignment to ²⁵⁶Lr. The 8.2 MeV was subsequently associated with nobelium.

²⁵⁰Cf(¹⁴N,αxn)^260−xLr (x=3)

This reaction was studied in 1971 at the LBNL. They were able to identify a 0.7s alpha activity with two alpha lines at 8.87 and 8.82 MeV. This was assigned to²⁵⁷Lr.

²⁴⁹Cf(¹¹B,xn)^260−xLr (x=4)

This reaction was first studied in 1970 at the LBNL in an attempt to study the aqueous chemistry of lawrencium. They were able to measure a Lr³⁺ activity. The reaction was repeated in 1976 at Oak Ridge and 26s ²⁵⁶Lr was confirmed by measurement of coincident X-rays.

²⁴⁹Cf(¹²C,pxn)^260−xLr (x=2)

This reaction was studied in 1971 by the team at the LBNL. They were able to detect an activity assigned to ²⁵⁸Lr from the p2n channel.

²⁴⁹Cf(¹⁵N,αxn)^260−xLr (x=2,3)

This reaction was studied in 1971 by the team at the LBNL. They were able to detect an activities assigned to ²⁵⁸Lr and ²⁵⁷Lr from the α2n and α3n and channels. The reaction was repeated in 1976 at Oak Ridge and the synthesis of ²⁵⁸Lr was confirmed.

²⁵⁴Es + ²²Ne – transfer

This reaction was studied in 1987 at the LLNL. They were able to detect new spontaneous fission (SF) activities assigned to ²⁶¹Lr and ²⁶²Lr, resulting from transfer from the ²²Ne nuclei to the ²⁵⁴Es target. In addition, a 5 ms SF activity was detected in delayed coincidence with nobelium K-shell X-rays and was assigned to ²⁶²No, resulting from the electron capture of ²⁶²Lr.

Decay products

Isotopes of lawrencium have also been identified in the decay of heavier elements. Observations to date are summarised in the table below:

List of lawrencium isotopes produced as other nuclei decay products
Parent nuclide	Observed lawrencium isotope
²⁹⁴Ts, ²⁹⁰Mc, ²⁸⁶Nh, ²⁸²Rg, ²⁷⁸Mt, ²⁷⁴Bh, ²⁷⁰Db	²⁶⁶Lr
²⁸⁸Mc, ²⁸⁴Nh, ²⁸⁰Rg, ²⁷⁶Mt, ²⁷²Bh, ²⁶⁸Db	²⁶⁴Lr
²⁶⁷Bh, ²⁶³Db	²⁵⁹Lr
²⁷⁸Nh, ²⁷⁴Rg, ²⁷⁰Mt, ²⁶⁶Bh, ²⁶²Db	²⁵⁸Lr
²⁶¹Db	²⁵⁷Lr
²⁷²Rg, ²⁶⁸Mt, ²⁶⁴Bh, ²⁶⁰Db	²⁵⁶Lr
²⁵⁹Db	²⁵⁵Lr
²⁶⁶Mt, ²⁶²Bh, ²⁵⁸Db	²⁵⁴Lr
²⁶¹Bh, ²⁵⁷Db^g,m	²⁵³Lr^g,m
²⁶⁰Bh, ²⁵⁶Db	²⁵²Lr
²⁵⁵Db	²⁵¹Lr

Isotopes

Summary of all lawrencium isotopes known
Isotope	Year discovered	discovery reaction
²⁵¹Lr^g	2005	²⁰⁹Bi(⁴⁸Ti,2n)
²⁵¹Lr^m	2022	²⁰³Tl(⁵⁰Ti,2n)
²⁵²Lr	2001	²⁰⁹Bi(⁵⁰Ti,3n)
²⁵³Lr^g	1985	²⁰⁹Bi(⁵⁰Ti,2n)
²⁵³Lr^m	2001	²⁰⁹Bi(⁵⁰Ti,2n)
²⁵⁴Lr^g	1985	²⁰⁹Bi(⁵⁰Ti,n)
²⁵⁴Lr^m	2019
²⁵⁵Lr^g	1970	²⁴³Am(¹⁶O,4n)
²⁵⁵Lr^m1	2006
²⁵⁵Lr^m2	2009
²⁵⁵Lr^m3	2008
²⁵⁶Lr	1961? 1965? 1968? 1971	²⁵²Cf(¹⁰B,6n)
²⁵⁷Lr^g	1958? 1971	²⁴⁹Cf(¹⁵N,α3n)
²⁵⁷Lr^m	2018
²⁵⁸Lr	1961? 1971	²⁴⁹Cf(¹⁵N,α2n)
²⁵⁹Lr	1971	²⁴⁸Cm(¹⁵N,4n)
²⁶⁰Lr	1971	²⁴⁸Cm(¹⁵N,3n)
²⁶¹Lr	1987	²⁵⁴Es + ²²Ne
²⁶²Lr	1987	²⁵⁴Es + ²²Ne
²⁶⁴Lr	2020	²⁴³Am(⁴⁸Ca,6α3n)
²⁶⁶Lr	2014	²⁴⁹Bk(⁴⁸Ca,7α3n)

Fourteen isotopes of lawrencium plus seven isomers have been synthesized with ²⁶⁶Lr being the longest-lived and the heaviest, with a half-life of 11 hours. ²⁵¹Lr is the lightest isotope of lawrencium to be produced to date.

Lawrencium-253 isomers

A study of the decay properties of ²⁵⁷Db (see dubnium) in 2001 by Hessberger et al. at the GSI provided some data for the decay of ²⁵³Lr. Analysis of the data indicated the population of an isomeric level in ²⁵³Lr from the decay of the corresponding isomer in ²⁵⁷Db. The ground state was assigned spin and parity of 7/2−, decaying by emission of an 8794 keV alpha particle with a half-life of 0.57 s. The isomeric level was assigned spin and parity of 1/2−, decaying by emission of an 8722 keV alpha particle with a half-life of 1.49 s.

Lawrencium-255 isomers

Recent work on the spectroscopy of ²⁵⁵Lr formed in the reaction ²⁰⁹Bi(⁴⁸Ca,2n)²⁵⁵Lr has provided evidence for an isomeric level.

References

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
↑ Шаблон:Cite thesis
↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
↑ ^6,0 ^6,1 Шаблон:Cite thesis
↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Mc2022 не указан текст

Isotope masses from:
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:NUBASE 2003
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.

Шаблон:Navbox element isotopes

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[251Lr-1] 1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 Шаблон:Cite journal

[255Db-2] Шаблон:Cite thesis

[4] Шаблон:Cite journal

[5] Шаблон:Cite journal

[6] Шаблон:Cite journal

[thesis-7] 6,0 ^6,1 Шаблон:Cite thesis

[8] Шаблон:Cite journal

[9] Шаблон:Cite journal

[10] Шаблон:Cite journal

[11] Шаблон:Cite journal

[12] Шаблон:Cite journal

[Mc2022-14] Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Mc2022 не указан текст

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[2]

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Английская Википедия:Isotopes of lawrencium

Содержание

List of isotopes

Nucleosynthesis

Cold fusion

Hot fusion

Decay products

Isotopes

Lawrencium-253 isomers

Lawrencium-255 isomers

References

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