Английская Википедия:Isotopes of lead

Lead (₈₂Pb) has four observationally stable isotopes: ²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁶Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb, ²⁰⁸Pb. Lead-204 is entirely a primordial nuclide and is not a radiogenic nuclide. The three isotopes lead-206, lead-207, and lead-208 represent the ends of three decay chains: the uranium series (or radium series), the actinium series, and the thorium series, respectively; a fourth decay chain, the neptunium series, terminates with the thallium isotope ²⁰⁵Tl. The three series terminating in lead represent the decay chain products of long-lived primordial ²³⁸U, ²³⁵U, and ²³²Th. Each isotope also occurs, to some extent, as primordial isotopes that were made in supernovae, rather than radiogenically as daughter products. The fixed ratio of lead-204 to the primordial amounts of the other lead isotopes may be used as the baseline to estimate the extra amounts of radiogenic lead present in rocks as a result of decay from uranium and thorium. (See lead–lead dating and uranium–lead dating.)

The longest-lived radioisotopes are ²⁰⁵Pb with a half-life of 17.3 million years and ²⁰²Pb with a half-life of 52,500 years. A shorter-lived naturally occurring radioisotope, ²¹⁰Pb with a half-life of 22.2 years, is useful for studying the sedimentation chronology of environmental samples on time scales shorter than 100 years.^[1]

The relative abundances of the four stable isotopes are approximately 1.5%, 24%, 22%, and 52.5%, combining to give a standard atomic weight (abundance-weighted average of the stable isotopes) of 207.2(1). Lead is the element with the heaviest stable isotope, ²⁰⁸Pb. (The more massive ²⁰⁹Bi, long considered to be stable, actually has a half-life of 2.01×10¹⁹ years.) ²⁰⁸Pb is also a doubly magic isotope, as it has 82 protons and 126 neutrons.^[2] It is the heaviest doubly magic nuclide known. A total of 43 lead isotopes are now known, including very unstable synthetic species.

The four primordial isotopes of lead are all observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to undergo radioactive decay but no decay has been observed yet. These four isotopes are predicted to undergo alpha decay and become isotopes of mercury which are themselves radioactive or observationally stable.

In its fully ionized state, the beta decay of isotope ²¹⁰Pb does not release a free electron; the generated electron is instead captured by the atom's empty orbitals.^[3]

List of isotopes

Шаблон:Isotopes table |- | ¹⁷⁸Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 96 | 178.003830(26) | 0.23(15) ms | α | ¹⁷⁴Hg | 0+ | | |- | ¹⁷⁹Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 97 | 179.00215(21)# | 3.9(1.1) ms | α | ¹⁷⁵Hg | (9/2−) | | |- | ¹⁸⁰Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 98 | 179.997918(22) | 4.5(11) ms | α | ¹⁷⁶Hg | 0+ | | |- | rowspan=2|¹⁸¹Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 99 | rowspan=2|180.99662(10) | rowspan=2|45(20) ms | α (98%) | ¹⁷⁷Hg | rowspan=2|(9/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺ (2%) | ¹⁸¹Tl |- | rowspan=2|¹⁸²Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 100 | rowspan=2|181.992672(15) | rowspan=2|60(40) ms
[55(+40−35) ms] | α (98%) | ¹⁷⁸Hg | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺ (2%) | ¹⁸²Tl |- | rowspan=2|¹⁸³Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 101 | rowspan=2|182.99187(3) | rowspan=2|535(30) ms | α (94%) | ¹⁷⁹Hg | rowspan=2|(3/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺ (6%) | ¹⁸³Tl |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^183mPb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 94(8) keV | rowspan=2|415(20) ms | α | ¹⁷⁹Hg | rowspan=2|(13/2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺ (rare) | ¹⁸³Tl |- | rowspan=2|¹⁸⁴Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 102 | rowspan=2|183.988142(15) | rowspan=2|490(25) ms | α | ¹⁸⁰Hg | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺ (rare) | ¹⁸⁴Tl |- | rowspan=2|¹⁸⁵Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 103 | rowspan=2|184.987610(17) | rowspan=2|6.3(4) s | α | ¹⁸¹Hg | rowspan=2|3/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺ (rare) | ¹⁸⁵Tl |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^185mPb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 60(40)# keV | rowspan=2|4.07(15) s | α | ¹⁸¹Hg | rowspan=2|13/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺ (rare) | ¹⁸⁵Tl |- | rowspan=2|¹⁸⁶Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 104 | rowspan=2|185.984239(12) | rowspan=2|4.82(3) s | α (56%) | ¹⁸²Hg | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺ (44%) | ¹⁸⁶Tl |- | rowspan=2|¹⁸⁷Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 105 | rowspan=2|186.983918(9) | rowspan=2|15.2(3) s | β⁺ | ¹⁸⁷Tl | rowspan=2|(3/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α | ¹⁸³Hg |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^187mPb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 11(11) keV | rowspan=2|18.3(3) s | β⁺ (98%) | ¹⁸⁷Tl | rowspan=2|(13/2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (2%) | ¹⁸³Hg |- | rowspan=2|¹⁸⁸Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 106 | rowspan=2|187.980874(11) | rowspan=2|25.5(1) s | β⁺ (91.5%) | ¹⁸⁸Tl | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (8.5%) | ¹⁸⁴Hg |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^188m1Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2578.2(7) keV | 830(210) ns | | | (8−) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^188m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2800(50) keV | 797(21) ns | | | | | |- | ¹⁸⁹Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 107 | 188.98081(4) | 51(3) s | β⁺ | ¹⁸⁹Tl | (3/2−) | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^189m1Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 40(30)# keV | rowspan=2|50.5(2.1) s | β⁺ (99.6%) | ¹⁸⁹Tl | rowspan=2|13/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (.4%) | ¹⁸⁵Hg |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^189m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2475(30)# keV | 26(5) μs | | | (10)+ | | |- | rowspan=2|¹⁹⁰Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 108 | rowspan=2|189.978082(13) | rowspan=2|71(1) s | β⁺ (99.1%) | ¹⁹⁰Tl | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (.9%) | ¹⁸⁶Hg |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^190m1Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2614.8(8) keV | 150 ns | | | (10)+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^190m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2618(20) keV | 25 μs | | | (12+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^190m3Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2658.2(8) keV | 7.2(6) μs | | | (11)− | | |- | rowspan=2|¹⁹¹Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 109 | rowspan=2|190.97827(4) | rowspan=2|1.33(8) min | β⁺ (99.987%) | ¹⁹¹Tl | rowspan=2|(3/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (.013%) | ¹⁸⁷Hg |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^191mPb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 20(50) keV | rowspan=2|2.18(8) min | β⁺ (99.98%) | ¹⁹¹Tl | rowspan=2|13/2(+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (.02%) | ¹⁸⁷Hg |- | rowspan=2|¹⁹²Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 110 | rowspan=2|191.975785(14) | rowspan=2|3.5(1) min | β⁺ (99.99%) | ¹⁹²Tl | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (.0061%) | ¹⁸⁸Hg |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^192m1Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2581.1(1) keV | 164(7) ns | | | (10)+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^192m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2625.1(11) keV | 1.1(5) μs | | | (12+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^192m3Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2743.5(4) keV | 756(21) ns | | | (11)− | | |- | ¹⁹³Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 111 | 192.97617(5) | 5# min | β⁺ | ¹⁹³Tl | (3/2−) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^193m1Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 130(80)# keV | 5.8(2) min | β⁺ | ¹⁹³Tl | 13/2(+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^193m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2612.5(5)+X keV | 135(+25−15) ns | | | (33/2+) | | |- | rowspan=2|¹⁹⁴Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 112 | rowspan=2|193.974012(19) | rowspan=2|12.0(5) min | β⁺ (100%) | ¹⁹⁴Tl | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (7.3×10⁻⁶%) | ¹⁹⁰Hg |- | ¹⁹⁵Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 113 | 194.974542(25) | ~15 min | β⁺ | ¹⁹⁵Tl | 3/2#- | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^195m1Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 202.9(7) keV | 15.0(12) min | β⁺ | ¹⁹⁵Tl | 13/2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^195m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1759.0(7) keV | 10.0(7) μs | | | 21/2− | | |- | rowspan=2|¹⁹⁶Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 114 | rowspan=2|195.972774(15) | rowspan=2|37(3) min | β⁺ | ¹⁹⁶Tl | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (<3×10⁻⁵%) | ¹⁹²Hg |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^196m1Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1049.20(9) keV | <100 ns | | | 2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^196m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1738.27(12) keV | <1 μs | | | 4+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^196m3Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1797.51(14) keV | 140(14) ns | | | 5− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^196m4Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2693.5(5) keV | 270(4) ns | | | (12+) | | |- | ¹⁹⁷Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 115 | 196.973431(6) | 8.1(17) min | β⁺ | ¹⁹⁷Tl | 3/2− | | |- | rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | ^197m1Pb | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 319.31(11) keV | rowspan=3|42.9(9) min | β⁺ (81%) | ¹⁹⁷Tl | rowspan=3|13/2+ | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | IT (19%) | ¹⁹⁷Pb |- | α (3×10⁻⁴%) | ¹⁹³Hg |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^197m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1914.10(25) keV | 1.15(20) μs | | | 21/2− | | |- | ¹⁹⁸Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 116 | 197.972034(16) | 2.4(1) h | β⁺ | ¹⁹⁸Tl | 0+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^198m1Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2141.4(4) keV | 4.19(10) μs | | | (7)− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^198m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2231.4(5) keV | 137(10) ns | | | (9)− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^198m3Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2820.5(7) keV | 212(4) ns | | | (12)+ | | |- | ¹⁹⁹Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 117 | 198.972917(28) | 90(10) min | β⁺ | ¹⁹⁹Tl | 3/2− | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^199m1Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 429.5(27) keV | rowspan=2|12.2(3) min | IT (93%) | ¹⁹⁹Pb | rowspan=2|(13/2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺ (7%) | ¹⁹⁹Tl |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^199m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2563.8(27) keV | 10.1(2) μs | | | (29/2−) | | |- | ²⁰⁰Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 118 | 199.971827(12) | 21.5(4) h | EC | ²⁰⁰Tl | 0+ | | |- | rowspan=2|²⁰¹Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 119 | rowspan=2|200.972885(24) | rowspan=2|9.33(3) h | EC (99%) | rowspan=2| ²⁰¹Tl | rowspan=2|5/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺ (1%) |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^201m1Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 629.14(17) keV | 61(2) s | | | 13/2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^201m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2718.5+X keV | 508(5) ns | | | (29/2−) | | |- | ²⁰²Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 120 | 201.972159(9) | 5.25(28)×10⁴ y | EC | ²⁰²Tl | 0+ | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^202m1Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2169.83(7) keV | rowspan=2|3.54(2) h | IT (90.5%) | ²⁰²Pb | rowspan=2|9− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺ (9.5%) | ²⁰²Tl |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^202m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4142.9(11) keV | 110(5) ns | | | (16+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^202m3Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 5345.9(13) keV | 107(5) ns | | | (19−) | | |- | ²⁰³Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 121 | 202.973391(7) | 51.873(9) h | EC | ²⁰³Tl | 5/2− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^203m1Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 825.20(9) keV | 6.21(8) s | IT | ²⁰³Pb | 13/2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^203m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2949.47(22) keV | 480(7) ms | | | 29/2− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^203m3Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2923.4+X keV | 122(4) ns | | | (25/2−) | | |- | ²⁰⁴Pb^{[n 1]} | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 122 | 203.9730436(13) | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Observationally stable^{[n 2]} | 0+ | 0.014(1) | 0.0104–0.0165 |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^204m1Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1274.00(4) keV | 265(10) ns | | | 4+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^204m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2185.79(5) keV | 67.2(3) min | | | 9− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^204m3Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2264.33(4) keV | 0.45(+10−3) μs | | | 7− | | |- | ²⁰⁵Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 123 | 204.9744818(13) | 1.73(7)×10⁷ y | EC | ²⁰⁵Tl | 5/2− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^205m1Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2.329(7) keV | 24.2(4) μs | | | 1/2− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^205m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1013.839(13) keV | 5.55(2) ms | | | 13/2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^205m3Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3195.7(5) keV | 217(5) ns | | | 25/2− | | |- | ²⁰⁶Pb^{[n 1]}^{[n 3]} | Radium G^[4] | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 124 | 205.9744653(13) | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Observationally stable^{[n 4]}^[5] | 0+ | 0.241(1) | 0.2084–0.2748 |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^206m1Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2200.14(4) keV | 125(2) μs | | | 7− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^206m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4027.3(7) keV | 202(3) ns | | | 12+ | | |- | ²⁰⁷Pb^{[n 1]}^{[n 5]} | Actinium D | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 125 | 206.9758969(13) | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Observationally stable^{[n 6]}^[5] | 1/2− | 0.221(1) | 0.1762–0.2365 |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^207mPb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1633.368(5) keV | 806(6) ms | IT | ²⁰⁷Pb | 13/2+ | | |- | ²⁰⁸Pb^{[n 7]} | Thorium D | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 126 | 207.9766521(13) | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Observationally stable^{[n 8]}^[5] | 0+ | 0.524(1) | 0.5128–0.5621 |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^208mPb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4895(2) keV | 500(10) ns | | | 10+ | | |- | ²⁰⁹Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 127 | 208.9810901(19) | 3.253(14) h | β⁻ | ²⁰⁹Bi | 9/2+ | Trace^{[n 9]} | |- | rowspan=2|²¹⁰Pb | rowspan=2|Radium D
Radiolead
Radio-lead | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 128 | rowspan=2|209.9841885(16) | rowspan=2|22.20(22) y | β⁻ (100%) | ²¹⁰Bi | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2|Trace^{[n 10]} | rowspan=2| |- | α (1.9×10⁻⁶%) | ²⁰⁶Hg |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^210mPb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1278(5) keV | 201(17) ns | | | 8+ | | |- | ²¹¹Pb | Actinium B | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 129 | 210.9887370(29) | 36.1(2) min | β⁻ | ²¹¹Bi | 9/2+ | Trace^{[n 11]} | |- | ²¹²Pb | Thorium B | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 130 | 211.9918975(24) | 10.64(1) h | β⁻ | ²¹²Bi | 0+ | Trace^{[n 12]} | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^212mPb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1335(10) keV | 6.0(0.8) μs | IT | ²¹²Pb | (8+) | | |- | ²¹³Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 131 | 212.996581(8) | 10.2(3) min | β⁻ | ²¹³Bi | (9/2+) |Trace^{[n 9]} | |- | ²¹⁴Pb | Radium B | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 132 | 213.9998054(26) | 26.8(9) min | β⁻ | ²¹⁴Bi | 0+ | Trace^{[n 10]} | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^214mPb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1420(20) keV | 6.2(0.3) μs | IT | ²¹²Pb | 8+# | | |- | ²¹⁵Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 133 | 215.004660(60) | 2.34(0.19) min | β⁻ | ²¹⁵Bi | 9/2+# | | |- | ²¹⁶Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 134 | 216.008030(210)# | 1.65(0.2) min | β⁻ | ²¹⁶Bi | 0+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | ^216mPb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1514(20) keV | 400(40) ns | IT | ²¹⁶Pb | 8+# | | |- | ²¹⁷Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 135 | 217.013140(320)# | 20(5) s | β⁻ | ²¹⁷Bi | 9/2+# | | |- | ²¹⁸Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 136 | 218.016590(320)# | 15(7) s | β⁻ | ²¹⁸Bi | 0+ | | Шаблон:Isotopes table/footer

Lead-206

Шаблон:See also ²⁰⁶Pb is the final step in the decay chain of ²³⁸U, the "radium series" or "uranium series". In a closed system, over time, a given mass of ²³⁸U will decay in a sequence of steps culminating in ²⁰⁶Pb. The production of intermediate products eventually reaches an equilibrium (though this takes a long time, as the half-life of ²³⁴U is 245,500 years). Once this stabilized system is reached, the ratio of ²³⁸U to ²⁰⁶Pb will steadily decrease, while the ratios of the other intermediate products to each other remain constant.

Like most radioisotopes found in the radium series, ²⁰⁶Pb was initially named as a variation of radium, specifically radium G. It is the decay product of both ²¹⁰Po (historically called radium F) by alpha decay, and the much rarer ²⁰⁶Tl (radium E^II) by beta decay.

Lead-206 has been proposed for use in fast breeder nuclear fission reactor coolant over the use of natural lead mixture (which also includes other stable lead isotopes) as a mechanism to improve neutron economy and greatly suppress unwanted production of highly radioactive byproducts.^[6]

Lead-204, -207, and -208

²⁰⁴Pb is entirely primordial, and is thus useful for estimating the fraction of the other lead isotopes in a given sample that are also primordial, since the relative fractions of the various primordial lead isotopes is constant everywhere.^[7] Any excess lead-206, -207, and -208 is thus assumed to be radiogenic in origin,^[7] allowing various uranium and thorium dating schemes to be used to estimate the age of rocks (time since their formation) based on the relative abundance of lead-204 to other isotopes. Шаблон:Anchor ²⁰⁷Pb is the end of the actinium series from ²³⁵U.

²⁰⁸Pb is the end of the thorium series from ²³²Th. While it only makes up approximately half of the composition of lead in most places on Earth, it can be found naturally enriched up to around 90% in thorium ores.^[8] ²⁰⁸Pb is the heaviest known stable nuclide and also the heaviest known doubly magic nucleus, as Z = 82 and N = 126 correspond to closed nuclear shells.^[9] As a consequence of this particularly stable configuration, its neutron capture cross section is very low (even lower than that of deuterium in the thermal spectrum), making it of interest for lead-cooled fast reactors.

Lead-212

²¹²Pb-containing radiopharmaceuticals have been trialed as therapeutic agents for the experimental cancer treatment targeted alpha-particle therapy.^[10]

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Sfn whitelist

Шаблон:CIAAW2016

Isotope masses from:

Шаблон:NUBASE 2003

Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:

Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.

Шаблон:Navbox element isotopes Шаблон:Authority control

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[1] Шаблон:Cite journal

[magic-2] Шаблон:Cite journal

[Takahashi_et_al-3] Шаблон:Cite journal

[Kuhn1929-7] Шаблон:Cite journal

[Bellini-9] 5,0 ^5,1 ^5,2 Шаблон:Cite journal

[18] Шаблон:Cite conference

[pb204-19] 7,0 ^7,1 Шаблон:Cite report

[20] Шаблон:Cite journal

[dmagic-21] Шаблон:Cite journal

[22] Шаблон:Cite journal

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Английская Википедия:Isotopes of lead

Содержание

List of isotopes

Lead-206

Lead-204, -207, and -208

Lead-212

References

Sources

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