Английская Википедия:Isotopes of meitnerium

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox meitnerium isotopes Meitnerium (109Mt) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 266Mt in 1982, and this is also the only isotope directly synthesized; all other isotopes are only known as decay products of heavier elements. There are eight known isotopes, from 266Mt to 278Mt. There may also be two isomers. The longest-lived of the known isotopes is 278Mt with a half-life of 8 seconds. The unconfirmed heavier 282Mt appears to have an even longer half-life of 67 seconds.

List of isotopes

Шаблон:Isotopes table |- | 266Mt | style="text-align:right" | 109 | style="text-align:right" | 157 | 266.137060(100) | Шаблон:Val | α | 262Bh | |- | 268Mt[n 1] | style="text-align:right" | 109 | style="text-align:right" | 159 | 268.13865(25)# | Шаблон:Val | α | 264Bh | 5+#, 6+# |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 268mMt[n 2] | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 0+X keV | Шаблон:Val | α | 264Bh | |- | 270Mt[n 3] | style="text-align:right" | 109 | style="text-align:right" | 161 | 270.14033(18)# | Шаблон:Val | α | 266Bh | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 270mMt[n 2] | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | | 1.1 s? | α | 266Bh | |- | 274Mt[n 4] | style="text-align:right" | 109 | style="text-align:right" | 165 | 274.14725(38)#[1] | Шаблон:Val[1] | α | 270Bh | |- | 275Mt[n 5] | style="text-align:right" | 109 | style="text-align:right" | 166 | 275.14882(50)# | Шаблон:Val[1] | α | 271Bh | |- | 276Mt[n 6] | style="text-align:right" | 109 | style="text-align:right" | 167 | 276.15159(59)# | Шаблон:Val[1] | α | 272Bh | |- | 277Mt[n 7] | style="text-align:right" | 109 | style="text-align:right" | 168 | 277.15327(82)# | Шаблон:Val[2] | SF | (various) | |- | 278Mt[n 8] | style="text-align:right" | 109 | style="text-align:right" | 169 | 278.15631(68)# | Шаблон:Val | α | 274Bh | |- | 282Mt[n 9] | style="text-align:right"| 109 | style="text-align:right"| 173 | | 67 s? | α | 278Bh | Шаблон:Isotopes table/footer

Isotopes and nuclear properties

Nucleosynthesis

Super-heavy elements such as meitnerium are produced by bombarding lighter elements in particle accelerators that induce fusion reactions. Whereas the lightest isotope of meitnerium, meitnerium-266, can be synthesized directly this way, all the heavier meitnerium isotopes have only been observed as decay products of elements with higher atomic numbers.[3]

Depending on the energies involved, the former are separated into "hot" and "cold". In hot fusion reactions, very light, high-energy projectiles are accelerated toward very heavy targets (actinides), giving rise to compound nuclei at high excitation energy (~40–50 MeV) that may either fission or evaporate several (3 to 5) neutrons.[4] In cold fusion reactions, the produced fused nuclei have a relatively low excitation energy (~10–20 MeV), which decreases the probability that these products will undergo fission reactions. As the fused nuclei cool to the ground state, they require emission of only one or two neutrons, and thus, allows for the generation of more neutron-rich products.[3] Nevertheless, the products of hot fusion tend to still have more neutrons overall. The latter is a distinct concept from that of where nuclear fusion claimed to be achieved at room temperature conditions (see cold fusion).[5]

The table below contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with Z = 109.

Target Projectile CN Attempt result
208Pb 59Co 267Mt Шаблон:Yes
209Bi 58Fe 267Mt Шаблон:Yes
227Ac 48Ca 275Mt Шаблон:Unk
238U 37Cl 275Mt Шаблон:No
244Pu 31P 275Mt Шаблон:Unk
248Cm 27Al 275Mt Шаблон:Unk
250Cm 27Al 277Mt Шаблон:Unk
249Bk 26Mg 275Mt Шаблон:Unk
254Es 22Ne 276Mt Шаблон:No

Cold fusion

After the first successful synthesis of meitnerium in 1982 by the GSI team,[6] a team at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, also tried to observe the new element by bombarding bismuth-209 with iron-58. In 1985 they managed to identity alpha decays from the descendant isotope 246Cf indicating the formation of meitnerium. The observation of a further two atoms of 266Mt from the same reaction was reported in 1988 and of another 12 in 1997 by the German team at GSI.[7][8]

The same meitnerium isotope was also observed by the Russian team at Dubna in 1985 from the reaction:

Шаблон:Nuclide + Шаблон:Nuclide → Шаблон:Nuclide + Шаблон:SubatomicParticle

by detecting the alpha decay of the descendant 246Cf nuclei. In 2007, an American team at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) confirmed the decay chain of the 266Mt isotope from this reaction.[9]

Hot fusion

In 2002–2003, the team at LBNL attempted to generate the isotope 271Mt to study its chemical properties by bombarding uranium-238 with chlorine-37, but without success.[10] Another possible reaction that would form this isotope would be the fusion of berkelium-249 with magnesium-26; however, the yield for this reaction is expected to be very low due to the high radioactivity of the berkelium-249 target.[11] Other potentially longer-lived isotopes were unsuccessfully targeted by a team at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in 1988 by bombarding einsteinium-254 with neon-22.[10]

Decay products

List of meitnerium isotopes observed by decay
Evaporation residue Observed meitnerium isotope
294Lv, 290Fl, 290Nh, 286Rg ? 282Mt ?
294Ts, 290Mc, 286Nh, 282Rg 278Mt[12]
293Ts, 289Mc, 285Nh, 281Rg 277Mt[2]
288Mc, 284Nh, 280Rg 276Mt[13]
287Mc, 283Nh, 279Rg 275Mt[13]
286Mc, 282Nh, 278Rg 274Mt[13]
278Nh, 274Rg 270Mt[14]
272Rg 268Mt[15]

All the isotopes of meitnerium except meitnerium-266 have been detected only in the decay chains of elements with a higher atomic number, such as roentgenium. Roentgenium currently has eight known isotopes; all but one of them undergo alpha decays to become meitnerium nuclei, with mass numbers between 268 and 282. Parent roentgenium nuclei can be themselves decay products of nihonium, flerovium, moscovium, livermorium, or tennessine.[16] For example, in January 2010, the Dubna team (JINR) identified meitnerium-278 as a product in the decay of tennessine via an alpha decay sequence:[12]

Шаблон:Nuclide → Шаблон:Nuclide + Шаблон:Nuclide
Шаблон:Nuclide → Шаблон:Nuclide + Шаблон:Nuclide
Шаблон:Nuclide → Шаблон:Nuclide + Шаблон:Nuclide
Шаблон:Nuclide → Шаблон:Nuclide + Шаблон:Nuclide

Nuclear isomerism

270Mt

Two atoms of 270Mt have been identified in the decay chains of 278Nh. The two decays have very different lifetimes and decay energies and are also produced from two apparently different isomers of 274Rg. The first isomer decays by emission of an alpha particle with energy 10.03 MeV and has a lifetime of 7.16 ms. The other alpha decays with a lifetime of 1.63 s; the decay energy was not measured. An assignment to specific levels is not possible with the limited data available and further research is required.[14]

268Mt

The alpha decay spectrum for 268Mt appears to be complicated from the results of several experiments. Alpha particles of energies 10.28, 10.22 and 10.10 MeV have been observed, emitted from 268Mt atoms with half-lives of 42 ms, 21 ms and 102 ms respectively. The long-lived decay must be assigned to an isomeric level. The discrepancy between the other two half-lives has yet to be resolved. An assignment to specific levels is not possible with the data available and further research is required.[15]

Chemical yields of isotopes

Cold fusion

The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for cold fusion reactions producing meitnerium isotopes directly. Data in bold represent maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel.

Projectile Target CN 1n 2n 3n
58Fe 209Bi 267Mt 7.5 pb
59Co 208Pb 267Mt 2.6 pb, 14.9 MeV

Theoretical calculations

Evaporation residue cross sections

The below table contains various targets-projectile combinations for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels. The channel with the highest expected yield is given.

DNS = Di-nuclear system; HIVAP = heavy-ion vaporisation statistical-evaporation model; σ = cross section

Target Projectile CN Channel (product) σmax Model Ref
238U 37Cl 275Mt 3n (272Mt) 13.31 pb DNS [17]
244Pu 31P 275Mt 3n (272Mt) 4.25 pb DNS [17]
243Am 30Si 273Mt 3n (270Mt) 22 pb HIVAP [18]
243Am 28Si 271Mt 4n (267Mt) 3 pb HIVAP [18]
248Cm 27Al 275Mt 3n (272Mt) 27.83 pb DNS [17]
250Cm 27Al 277Mt 5n (272Mt) 97.44 pb DNS [17]
249Bk 26Mg 275Mt 4n (271Mt) 9.5 pb HIVAP [18]
254Es 22Ne 276Mt 4n (272Mt) 8 pb HIVAP [18]
254Es 20Ne 274Mt 4-5n (270,269Mt) 3 pb HIVAP [18]

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Navbox element isotopes

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное


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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Zielinski P. M. et al. (2003). "The search for 271Mt via the reaction 238U + 37Cl" Шаблон:Webarchive, GSI Annual report. Retrieved on 2008-03-01
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 17,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 18,2 18,3 18,4 Шаблон:Cite journal
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