Английская Википедия:Isotopes of thallium

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox thallium isotopes Thallium (81Tl) has 41 isotopes with atomic masses that range from 176 to 216. 203Tl and 205Tl are the only stable isotopes and 204Tl is the most stable radioisotope with a half-life of 3.78 years. 207Tl, with a half-life of 4.77 minutes, has the longest half-life of naturally occurring Tl radioisotopes. All isotopes of thallium are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.

Thallium-202 (half-life 12.23 days) can be made in a cyclotron[1] while thallium-204 (half-life 3.78 years) is made by the neutron activation of stable thallium in a nuclear reactor.[2]

In the fully ionized state, the isotope 205Tl becomes beta-radioactive, decaying to 205Pb,[3] but 203Tl remains stable.

205Tl is the decay product of bismuth-209, an isotope that was once thought to be stable but is now known to undergo alpha decay with an extremely long half-life of 2.01×1019 y.[4] 205Tl is at the end of the neptunium series decay chain.

Файл:Decay Chain(4n+1, Neptunium Series).svg
The neptunium series decay chain, which ends at 205Tl.

List of isotopes

Шаблон:Isotopes table |- | rowspan=2|176Tl[5] | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 95 | rowspan=2|176.00059(21)# | rowspan=2|Шаблон:Val | p (~63%) | 175Hg | rowspan=2|(3−, 4−, 5−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (~37%) | 172Au |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 176mTl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | ~671 keV | rowspan=2|Шаблон:Val | p (~50%) | 175Hg | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (~50%) | 172mAu |- | rowspan=2|177Tl[6] | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 96 | rowspan=2|176.996427(27) | rowspan=2|18(5) ms | α (73%) | 173Au | rowspan=2|(1/2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | p (27%) | 176Hg |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 177mTl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 807(18) keV | rowspan=2|230(40) μs | p (51%) | 176Hg | rowspan=2|(11/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (49%) | 173Au |- | rowspan=3|178Tl[7] | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 97 | rowspan=3|177.99490(12)# | rowspan=3|255(9) ms | α (62%) | 174Au | rowspan=3| (4-,5-) | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β+ (38%) | 178Hg |- | β+, SF (0.15%) | (various) |- | rowspan=2|179Tl[8] | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 98 | rowspan=2|178.99109(5) | rowspan=2|437(9) ms | α (60%) | 175Au | rowspan=2|(1/2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (40%) | 179Hg |- | rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 179m1Tl | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 825(10)# keV | rowspan=3|1.41(2) ms | α | 175Au | rowspan=3|(11/2−) | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | IT (rare) | 179Tl |- | β+ (rare) | 179Hg |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 179m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 904.5(9) keV | 119(14) ns | IT | 179Tl | (9/2−) | | |- | rowspan=3|180Tl[9] | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 99 | rowspan=3|179.98991(13)# | rowspan=3|1.09(1) s | β+ (93%) | 180Hg | rowspan=3| 4-# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | α (7%) | 176Au |- | β+, SF (0.0032%) | 100Ru, 80Kr[10] |- | rowspan=2|181Tl[11] | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 100 | rowspan=2|180.986257(10) | rowspan=2|2.9(1) s | β+ (91.4%) | 181Hg | rowspan=2|1/2+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (8.6%) | 177Au |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 181mTl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 834.9(4) keV | rowspan=2|1.40(3) ms | IT (99.60%) | 181Tl | rowspan=2|(9/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (0.40%) | 177Au |- | rowspan=2|182Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 101 | rowspan=2|181.98567(8) | rowspan=2|2.0(3) s | β+ (96%) | 182Hg | rowspan=2|2−# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (4%) | 178Au |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 182m1Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100(100)# keV | rowspan=2|2.9(5) s | α | 178Au | rowspan=2|(7+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (rare) | 182Hg |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 182m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 600(140)# keV | | | | 10− | | |- | rowspan=2|183Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 102 | rowspan=2|182.982193(10) | rowspan=2|6.9(7) s | β+ (98%) | 183Hg | rowspan=2|1/2+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (2%) | 179Au |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 183m1Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 630(17) keV | rowspan=2|53.3(3) ms | IT (99.99%) | 183Tl | rowspan=2|9/2−# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (.01%) | 179Au |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 183m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 976.8(3) keV | 1.48(10) μs | | | (13/2+) | | |- | 184Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 103 | 183.98187(5) | 9.7(6) s | β+ | 184Hg | 2−# | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 184m1Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100(100)# keV | rowspan=2|10# s | β+ (97.9%) | 184Hg | rowspan=2|7+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (2.1%) | 180Au |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 184m2Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 500(140)# keV | rowspan=2| 47.1 ms | IT (99.911%) | | rowspan=2|(10−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (.089%) | 180Au |- | rowspan=2|185Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 104 | rowspan=2|184.97879(6) | rowspan=2|19.5(5) s | α | 181Au | rowspan=2|1/2+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ | 185Hg |- | rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 185mTl | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 452.8(20) keV | rowspan=3|1.93(8) s | IT (99.99%) | 185Tl | rowspan=3|9/2−# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | α (.01%) | 181Au |- | β+ | 185Hg |- | rowspan=2|186Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 105 | rowspan=2|185.97833(20) | rowspan=2|40# s | β+ | 186Hg | rowspan=2|(2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (.006%) | 182Au |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 186m1Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 320(180) keV | 27.5(10) s | β+ | 186Hg | (7+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 186m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 690(180) keV | 2.9(2) s | | | (10−) | | |- | rowspan=2|187Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 106 | rowspan=2|186.975906(9) | rowspan=2|~51 s | β+ | 187Hg | rowspan=2|(1/2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (rare) | 183Au |- | rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 187mTl | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 335(3) keV | rowspan=3|15.60(12) s | α | 183Au | rowspan=3|(9/2−) | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | IT | 187Tl |- | β+ | 187Hg |- | 188Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 107 | 187.97601(4) | 71(2) s | β+ | 188Hg | (2−) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 188m1Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 40(30) keV | 71(1) s | β+ | 188Hg | (7+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 188m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 310(30) keV | 41(4) ms | | | (9−) | | |- | 189Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 108 | 188.973588(12) | 2.3(2) min | β+ | 189Hg | (1/2+) | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 189mTl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 257.6(13) keV | rowspan=2|1.4(1) min | β+ (96%) | 189Hg | rowspan=2|(9/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (4%) | 189Tl |- | 190Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 109 | 189.97388(5) | 2.6(3) min | β+ | 190Hg | 2(−) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 190m1Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 130(90)# keV | 3.7(3) min | β+ | 190Hg | 7(+#) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 190m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 290(70)# keV | 750(40) μs | | | (8−) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 190m3Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 410(70)# keV | >1 μs | | | 9− | | |- | 191Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 110 | 190.971786(8) | 20# min | β+ | 191Hg | (1/2+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 191mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 297(7) keV | 5.22(16) min | β+ | 191Hg | 9/2(−) | | |- | 192Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 111 | 191.97223(3) | 9.6(4) min | β+ | 192Hg | (2−) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 192m1Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 160(50) keV | 10.8(2) min | β+ | 192Hg | (7+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 192m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 407(54) keV | 296(5) ns | | | (8−) | | |- | 193Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 112 | 192.97067(12) | 21.6(8) min | β+ | 193Hg | 1/2(+#) | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 193mTl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 369(4) keV | rowspan=2|2.11(15) min | IT (75%) | 193Tl | rowspan=2|9/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (25%) | 193Hg |- | rowspan=2|194Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 113 | rowspan=2|193.97120(15) | rowspan=2|33.0(5) min | β+ | 194Hg | rowspan=2|2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (10−7%) | 190Au |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 194mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 300(200)# keV | 32.8(2) min | β+ | 194Hg | (7+) | | |- | 195Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 114 | 194.969774(15) | 1.16(5) h | β+ | 195Hg | 1/2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 195mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 482.63(17) keV | 3.6(4) s | IT | 195Tl | 9/2− | | |- | 196Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 115 | 195.970481(13) | 1.84(3) h | β+ | 196Hg | 2− | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 196mTl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 394.2(5) keV | rowspan=2|1.41(2) h | β+ (95.5%) | 196Hg | rowspan=2|(7+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (4.5%) | 196Tl |- | 197Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 116 | 196.969575(18) | 2.84(4) h | β+ | 197Hg | 1/2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 197mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 608.22(8) keV | 540(10) ms | IT | 197Tl | 9/2− | | |- | 198Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 117 | 197.97048(9) | 5.3(5) h | β+ | 198Hg | 2− | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 198m1Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 543.5(4) keV | rowspan=2|1.87(3) h | β+ (54%) | 198Hg | rowspan=2|7+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (46%) | 198Tl |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 198m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 687.2(5) keV | 150(40) ns | | | (5+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 198m3Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 742.3(4) keV | 32.1(10) ms | | | (10−)# | | |- | 199Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 118 | 198.96988(3) | 7.42(8) h | β+ | 199Hg | 1/2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 199mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 749.7(3) keV | 28.4(2) ms | IT | 199Tl | 9/2− | | |- | 200Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 119 | 199.970963(6) | 26.1(1) h | β+ | 200Hg | 2− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 200m1Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 753.6(2) keV | 34.3(10) ms | IT | 200Tl | 7+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 200m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 762.0(2) keV | 0.33(5) μs | | | 5+ | | |- | 201Tl[n 1] | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 120 | 200.970819(16) | 72.912(17) h | EC | 201Hg | 1/2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 201mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 919.50(9) keV | 2.035(7) ms | IT | 201Tl | (9/2−) | | |- | 202Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 121 | 201.972106(16) | 12.23(2) d | β+ | 202Hg | 2− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 202mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 950.19(10) keV | 572(7) μs | | | 7+ | | |- | 203Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 122 | 202.9723442(14) | colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable[n 2] | 1/2+ | 0.2952(1) | 0.29494–0.29528 |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 203mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3400(300) keV | 7.7(5) μs | | | (25/2+) | | |- | rowspan=2|204Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 123 | rowspan=2|203.9738635(13) | rowspan=2|3.78(2) y | β (97.1%) | 204Pb | rowspan=2|2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | EC (2.9%) | 204Hg |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 204m1Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1104.0(4) keV | 63(2) μs | | | (7)+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 204m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2500(500) keV | 2.6(2) μs | | | (12−) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 204m3Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3500(500) keV | 1.6(2) μs | | | (20+) | | |- | 205Tl[n 3] | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 124 | 204.9744275(14) | colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable[n 4] | 1/2+ | 0.7048(1) | 0.70472–0.70506 |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 205m1Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3290.63(17) keV | 2.6(2) μs | | | 25/2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 205m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4835.6(15) keV | 235(10) ns | | | (35/2–) | | |- | 206Tl | Radium E | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 125 | 205.9761103(15) | 4.200(17) min | β | 206Pb | 0− | Trace[n 5] | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 206mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2643.11(19) keV | 3.74(3) min | IT | 206Tl | (12–) | | |- | 207Tl | Actinium C | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 126 | 206.977419(6) | 4.77(2) min | β | 207Pb | 1/2+ | Trace[n 6] | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 207mTl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1348.1(3) keV | rowspan=2|1.33(11) s | IT (99.9%) | 207Tl | rowspan=2|11/2– | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β (.1%) | 207Pb |- | 208Tl | Thorium C" | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 127 | 207.9820187(21) | 3.053(4) min | β | 208Pb | 5+ | Trace[n 7] | |- | 209Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 128 | 208.985359(8) | 2.161(7) min | β | 209Pb | 1/2+ | Trace[n 8] | |- | rowspan=2|210Tl | rowspan=2|Radium C″ | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 129 | rowspan=2|209.990074(12) | rowspan=2|1.30(3) min | β (99.991%) | 210Pb | rowspan=2|(5+)# | rowspan=2| Trace[n 5] | rowspan=2| |- | β, n (.009%) | 209Pb |- | rowspan=2|211Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 130 | rowspan=2|210.993480(50) | rowspan=2|80(16) s | β (97.8%) | 211Pb | rowspan=2|1/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β, n (2.2%) | 210Pb |- | rowspan=2|212Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 131 | rowspan=2|211.998340(220)# | rowspan=2|31(8) s | β (98.2%) | 212Pb | rowspan=2|(5+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β, n (1.8%) | 211Pb |- | rowspan=2|213Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 132 | rowspan=2|213.001915(29) | rowspan=2|24(4) s | β (92.4%) | 213Pb | rowspan=2|1/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β, n (7.6%) | 212Pb |- | rowspan=2|214Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 133 | rowspan=2|214.006940(210)# | rowspan=2|11(2) s | β (66%) | 214Pb | rowspan=2|5+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β, n (34%) | 213Pb |- | rowspan=2|215Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 134 | rowspan=2|215.010640(320)# | rowspan=2|10(4) s | β (95.4%) | 215Pb | rowspan=2|1/2+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β, n (4.6%) | 214Pb |- | rowspan=2|216Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 135 | rowspan=2|216.015800(320)# | rowspan=2|6(3) s | β | 216Pb | rowspan=2|5+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β, n (<11.5%) | 215Pb Шаблон:Isotopes table/footer

Thallium-201

Thallium-201 (201Tl) is a synthetic radioisotope of thallium. It has a half-life of 73 hours and decays by electron capture, emitting X-rays (~70–80 keV), and photons of 135 and 167 keV in 10% total abundance.[12] Thallium-201 is synthesized by the neutron activation of stable thallium in a nuclear reactor,[12][13] or by the 203Tl(p, 3n)201Pb nuclear reaction in cyclotrons, as 201Pb naturally decays to 201Tl afterwards.[14] It is a radiopharmaceutical, as it has good imaging characteristics without excessive patient radiation dose. It is the most popular isotope used for thallium nuclear cardiac stress tests.[15]

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Navbox element isotopes


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