Английская Википедия:Isotopes of thallium
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox thallium isotopes Thallium (81Tl) has 41 isotopes with atomic masses that range from 176 to 216. 203Tl and 205Tl are the only stable isotopes and 204Tl is the most stable radioisotope with a half-life of 3.78 years. 207Tl, with a half-life of 4.77 minutes, has the longest half-life of naturally occurring Tl radioisotopes. All isotopes of thallium are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.
Thallium-202 (half-life 12.23 days) can be made in a cyclotron[1] while thallium-204 (half-life 3.78 years) is made by the neutron activation of stable thallium in a nuclear reactor.[2]
In the fully ionized state, the isotope 205Tl becomes beta-radioactive, decaying to 205Pb,[3] but 203Tl remains stable.
205Tl is the decay product of bismuth-209, an isotope that was once thought to be stable but is now known to undergo alpha decay with an extremely long half-life of 2.01×1019 y.[4] 205Tl is at the end of the neptunium series decay chain.
List of isotopes
Шаблон:Isotopes table |- | rowspan=2|176Tl[5] | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 95 | rowspan=2|176.00059(21)# | rowspan=2|Шаблон:Val | p (~63%) | 175Hg | rowspan=2|(3−, 4−, 5−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (~37%) | 172Au |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 176mTl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | ~671 keV | rowspan=2|Шаблон:Val | p (~50%) | 175Hg | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (~50%) | 172mAu |- | rowspan=2|177Tl[6] | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 96 | rowspan=2|176.996427(27) | rowspan=2|18(5) ms | α (73%) | 173Au | rowspan=2|(1/2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | p (27%) | 176Hg |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 177mTl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 807(18) keV | rowspan=2|230(40) μs | p (51%) | 176Hg | rowspan=2|(11/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (49%) | 173Au |- | rowspan=3|178Tl[7] | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 97 | rowspan=3|177.99490(12)# | rowspan=3|255(9) ms | α (62%) | 174Au | rowspan=3| (4-,5-) | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β+ (38%) | 178Hg |- | β+, SF (0.15%) | (various) |- | rowspan=2|179Tl[8] | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 98 | rowspan=2|178.99109(5) | rowspan=2|437(9) ms | α (60%) | 175Au | rowspan=2|(1/2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (40%) | 179Hg |- | rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 179m1Tl | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 825(10)# keV | rowspan=3|1.41(2) ms | α | 175Au | rowspan=3|(11/2−) | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | IT (rare) | 179Tl |- | β+ (rare) | 179Hg |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 179m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 904.5(9) keV | 119(14) ns | IT | 179Tl | (9/2−) | | |- | rowspan=3|180Tl[9] | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 99 | rowspan=3|179.98991(13)# | rowspan=3|1.09(1) s | β+ (93%) | 180Hg | rowspan=3| 4-# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | α (7%) | 176Au |- | β+, SF (0.0032%) | 100Ru, 80Kr[10] |- | rowspan=2|181Tl[11] | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 100 | rowspan=2|180.986257(10) | rowspan=2|2.9(1) s | β+ (91.4%) | 181Hg | rowspan=2|1/2+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (8.6%) | 177Au |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 181mTl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 834.9(4) keV | rowspan=2|1.40(3) ms | IT (99.60%) | 181Tl | rowspan=2|(9/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (0.40%) | 177Au |- | rowspan=2|182Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 101 | rowspan=2|181.98567(8) | rowspan=2|2.0(3) s | β+ (96%) | 182Hg | rowspan=2|2−# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (4%) | 178Au |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 182m1Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100(100)# keV | rowspan=2|2.9(5) s | α | 178Au | rowspan=2|(7+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (rare) | 182Hg |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 182m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 600(140)# keV | | | | 10− | | |- | rowspan=2|183Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 102 | rowspan=2|182.982193(10) | rowspan=2|6.9(7) s | β+ (98%) | 183Hg | rowspan=2|1/2+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (2%) | 179Au |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 183m1Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 630(17) keV | rowspan=2|53.3(3) ms | IT (99.99%) | 183Tl | rowspan=2|9/2−# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (.01%) | 179Au |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 183m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 976.8(3) keV | 1.48(10) μs | | | (13/2+) | | |- | 184Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 103 | 183.98187(5) | 9.7(6) s | β+ | 184Hg | 2−# | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 184m1Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100(100)# keV | rowspan=2|10# s | β+ (97.9%) | 184Hg | rowspan=2|7+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (2.1%) | 180Au |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 184m2Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 500(140)# keV | rowspan=2| 47.1 ms | IT (99.911%) | | rowspan=2|(10−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (.089%) | 180Au |- | rowspan=2|185Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 104 | rowspan=2|184.97879(6) | rowspan=2|19.5(5) s | α | 181Au | rowspan=2|1/2+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ | 185Hg |- | rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 185mTl | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 452.8(20) keV | rowspan=3|1.93(8) s | IT (99.99%) | 185Tl | rowspan=3|9/2−# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | α (.01%) | 181Au |- | β+ | 185Hg |- | rowspan=2|186Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 105 | rowspan=2|185.97833(20) | rowspan=2|40# s | β+ | 186Hg | rowspan=2|(2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (.006%) | 182Au |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 186m1Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 320(180) keV | 27.5(10) s | β+ | 186Hg | (7+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 186m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 690(180) keV | 2.9(2) s | | | (10−) | | |- | rowspan=2|187Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 106 | rowspan=2|186.975906(9) | rowspan=2|~51 s | β+ | 187Hg | rowspan=2|(1/2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (rare) | 183Au |- | rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 187mTl | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 335(3) keV | rowspan=3|15.60(12) s | α | 183Au | rowspan=3|(9/2−) | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | IT | 187Tl |- | β+ | 187Hg |- | 188Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 107 | 187.97601(4) | 71(2) s | β+ | 188Hg | (2−) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 188m1Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 40(30) keV | 71(1) s | β+ | 188Hg | (7+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 188m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 310(30) keV | 41(4) ms | | | (9−) | | |- | 189Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 108 | 188.973588(12) | 2.3(2) min | β+ | 189Hg | (1/2+) | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 189mTl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 257.6(13) keV | rowspan=2|1.4(1) min | β+ (96%) | 189Hg | rowspan=2|(9/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (4%) | 189Tl |- | 190Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 109 | 189.97388(5) | 2.6(3) min | β+ | 190Hg | 2(−) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 190m1Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 130(90)# keV | 3.7(3) min | β+ | 190Hg | 7(+#) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 190m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 290(70)# keV | 750(40) μs | | | (8−) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 190m3Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 410(70)# keV | >1 μs | | | 9− | | |- | 191Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 110 | 190.971786(8) | 20# min | β+ | 191Hg | (1/2+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 191mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 297(7) keV | 5.22(16) min | β+ | 191Hg | 9/2(−) | | |- | 192Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 111 | 191.97223(3) | 9.6(4) min | β+ | 192Hg | (2−) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 192m1Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 160(50) keV | 10.8(2) min | β+ | 192Hg | (7+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 192m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 407(54) keV | 296(5) ns | | | (8−) | | |- | 193Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 112 | 192.97067(12) | 21.6(8) min | β+ | 193Hg | 1/2(+#) | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 193mTl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 369(4) keV | rowspan=2|2.11(15) min | IT (75%) | 193Tl | rowspan=2|9/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (25%) | 193Hg |- | rowspan=2|194Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 113 | rowspan=2|193.97120(15) | rowspan=2|33.0(5) min | β+ | 194Hg | rowspan=2|2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (10−7%) | 190Au |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 194mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 300(200)# keV | 32.8(2) min | β+ | 194Hg | (7+) | | |- | 195Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 114 | 194.969774(15) | 1.16(5) h | β+ | 195Hg | 1/2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 195mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 482.63(17) keV | 3.6(4) s | IT | 195Tl | 9/2− | | |- | 196Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 115 | 195.970481(13) | 1.84(3) h | β+ | 196Hg | 2− | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 196mTl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 394.2(5) keV | rowspan=2|1.41(2) h | β+ (95.5%) | 196Hg | rowspan=2|(7+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (4.5%) | 196Tl |- | 197Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 116 | 196.969575(18) | 2.84(4) h | β+ | 197Hg | 1/2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 197mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 608.22(8) keV | 540(10) ms | IT | 197Tl | 9/2− | | |- | 198Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 117 | 197.97048(9) | 5.3(5) h | β+ | 198Hg | 2− | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 198m1Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 543.5(4) keV | rowspan=2|1.87(3) h | β+ (54%) | 198Hg | rowspan=2|7+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (46%) | 198Tl |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 198m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 687.2(5) keV | 150(40) ns | | | (5+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 198m3Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 742.3(4) keV | 32.1(10) ms | | | (10−)# | | |- | 199Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 118 | 198.96988(3) | 7.42(8) h | β+ | 199Hg | 1/2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 199mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 749.7(3) keV | 28.4(2) ms | IT | 199Tl | 9/2− | | |- | 200Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 119 | 199.970963(6) | 26.1(1) h | β+ | 200Hg | 2− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 200m1Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 753.6(2) keV | 34.3(10) ms | IT | 200Tl | 7+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 200m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 762.0(2) keV | 0.33(5) μs | | | 5+ | | |- | 201Tl[n 1] | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 120 | 200.970819(16) | 72.912(17) h | EC | 201Hg | 1/2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 201mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 919.50(9) keV | 2.035(7) ms | IT | 201Tl | (9/2−) | | |- | 202Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 121 | 201.972106(16) | 12.23(2) d | β+ | 202Hg | 2− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 202mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 950.19(10) keV | 572(7) μs | | | 7+ | | |- | 203Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 122 | 202.9723442(14) | colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable[n 2] | 1/2+ | 0.2952(1) | 0.29494–0.29528 |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 203mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3400(300) keV | 7.7(5) μs | | | (25/2+) | | |- | rowspan=2|204Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 123 | rowspan=2|203.9738635(13) | rowspan=2|3.78(2) y | β− (97.1%) | 204Pb | rowspan=2|2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | EC (2.9%) | 204Hg |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 204m1Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1104.0(4) keV | 63(2) μs | | | (7)+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 204m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2500(500) keV | 2.6(2) μs | | | (12−) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 204m3Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3500(500) keV | 1.6(2) μs | | | (20+) | | |- | 205Tl[n 3] | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 124 | 204.9744275(14) | colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable[n 4] | 1/2+ | 0.7048(1) | 0.70472–0.70506 |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 205m1Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3290.63(17) keV | 2.6(2) μs | | | 25/2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 205m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4835.6(15) keV | 235(10) ns | | | (35/2–) | | |- | 206Tl | Radium E | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 125 | 205.9761103(15) | 4.200(17) min | β− | 206Pb | 0− | Trace[n 5] | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 206mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2643.11(19) keV | 3.74(3) min | IT | 206Tl | (12–) | | |- | 207Tl | Actinium C | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 126 | 206.977419(6) | 4.77(2) min | β− | 207Pb | 1/2+ | Trace[n 6] | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 207mTl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1348.1(3) keV | rowspan=2|1.33(11) s | IT (99.9%) | 207Tl | rowspan=2|11/2– | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β− (.1%) | 207Pb |- | 208Tl | Thorium C" | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 127 | 207.9820187(21) | 3.053(4) min | β− | 208Pb | 5+ | Trace[n 7] | |- | 209Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 128 | 208.985359(8) | 2.161(7) min | β− | 209Pb | 1/2+ | Trace[n 8] | |- | rowspan=2|210Tl | rowspan=2|Radium C″ | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 129 | rowspan=2|209.990074(12) | rowspan=2|1.30(3) min | β− (99.991%) | 210Pb | rowspan=2|(5+)# | rowspan=2| Trace[n 5] | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (.009%) | 209Pb |- | rowspan=2|211Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 130 | rowspan=2|210.993480(50) | rowspan=2|80(16) s | β− (97.8%) | 211Pb | rowspan=2|1/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (2.2%) | 210Pb |- | rowspan=2|212Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 131 | rowspan=2|211.998340(220)# | rowspan=2|31(8) s | β− (98.2%) | 212Pb | rowspan=2|(5+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (1.8%) | 211Pb |- | rowspan=2|213Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 132 | rowspan=2|213.001915(29) | rowspan=2|24(4) s | β− (92.4%) | 213Pb | rowspan=2|1/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (7.6%) | 212Pb |- | rowspan=2|214Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 133 | rowspan=2|214.006940(210)# | rowspan=2|11(2) s | β− (66%) | 214Pb | rowspan=2|5+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (34%) | 213Pb |- | rowspan=2|215Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 134 | rowspan=2|215.010640(320)# | rowspan=2|10(4) s | β− (95.4%) | 215Pb | rowspan=2|1/2+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (4.6%) | 214Pb |- | rowspan=2|216Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 135 | rowspan=2|216.015800(320)# | rowspan=2|6(3) s | β− | 216Pb | rowspan=2|5+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (<11.5%) | 215Pb Шаблон:Isotopes table/footer
Thallium-201
Thallium-201 (201Tl) is a synthetic radioisotope of thallium. It has a half-life of 73 hours and decays by electron capture, emitting X-rays (~70–80 keV), and photons of 135 and 167 keV in 10% total abundance.[12] Thallium-201 is synthesized by the neutron activation of stable thallium in a nuclear reactor,[12][13] or by the 203Tl(p, 3n)201Pb nuclear reaction in cyclotrons, as 201Pb naturally decays to 201Tl afterwards.[14] It is a radiopharmaceutical, as it has good imaging characteristics without excessive patient radiation dose. It is the most popular isotope used for thallium nuclear cardiac stress tests.[15]
References
- Isotope masses from:
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
Шаблон:Navbox element isotopes
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Manual for reactor produced radioisotopes from the International Atomic Energy Agency
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:NUBASE 2003
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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