Английская Википедия:*Dyēus

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Файл:Т-лиман10.JPG

The sky over the feather grass-covered steppe in Ukraine. *Dyḗus ph₂tḗr has been translated as "father daylight-sky-god".

Шаблон:Lang (lit. "daylight-sky-god"), also Шаблон:Lang (lit. "father daylight-sky-god"),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn is the reconstructed name of the daylight-sky god in Proto-Indo-European mythology. Шаблон:Lang was conceived as a divine personification of the bright sky of the day and the seat of the gods, the Шаблон:Lang. Associated with the vast diurnal sky and with the fertile rains, Шаблон:Lang was often paired with *Dʰéǵʰōm, the Earth Mother, in a relationship of union and contrast.

While its existence is not directly attested by archaeological or written materials, Шаблон:Lang is considered by scholars the most securely reconstructed deity of the Indo-European pantheon, as identical formulas referring to him can be found among the subsequent Indo-European languages and myths of the Vedic Indo-Aryans, Latins, Greeks, Phrygians, Messapians, Thracians, Illyrians, Albanians and Hittites.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Name

Etymology

The divine name *Dyēus derives from the stem *dyeu-, denoting the "diurnal sky" or the "brightness of the day" (in contrast to the darkness of the night), ultimately from the root *di or dei- ("to shine, be bright").Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Cognates in Indo-European languages revolving around the concepts of "day", "sky" and "deity" and sharing the root *dyeu- as an etymon, such as Sanskrit dyumán- 'heavenly, shining, radiant', suggest that Dyēus referred to the vast and bright sky of the day conceived as a divine entity among Proto-Indo-European speakers.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

A vṛddhi-derivative appears in *deywós ("celestial"), the common word for "god" in Proto-Indo-European. In classic Indo-European, associated with the late Khvalynsk culture (3900–3500),Шаблон:Sfn *Dyēus also had the meaning of "Heaven", whereas it denoted "god" in general (or the Sun-god in particular) in the Anatolian tradition.Шаблон:Sfn The suffix-derivative *diwyós ("divine") is also attested in Latin, Greek and Sanskrit.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The noun Шаблон:Lang ("day"), interpreted as a back-formation of *deywós, has descendant cognates in Vedic Sanskrit divé-dive ("day by day"), Latin Dies, goddess of the day and counterpart to Greek Hemera, Hittite siwat ("day"), Palaic Tīyat- ("Sun, day"), Ancient Greek endios ("midday"), Old Armenian tiw (տիւ, "bright day"), Old Irish Шаблон:Lang ("nine-day period"), Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("today"),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn or Slavic Poludnitsa ("Lady Midday").Шаблон:Sfn

While the Greek goddess Pandeia or Pandia (Шаблон:Lang-grc-gre, "all brightness") may have been another name for the Moon Goddess Selene, her name still preserves the root *di-/*dei-, meaning "to shine, be bright".

Epithets

The most constant epithet associated with *Dyēus is "father" (*ph₂tḗr). The term "Father Dyēus" was inherited in the Vedic Dyáuṣ Pitṛ́, Greek Zeus Patēr, Illyrian Dei-pátrous, Roman Jupiter (*Шаблон:Lang), even in the form of "dad" or "papa" in the Scythian Papaios for Zeus, or the Palaic expression Tiyaz papaz.Шаблон:Sfn The epithet *Ph₂tḗr Ǵenh₁-tōr ("Father Procreator") is also attested in the Vedic, Iranian, Greek, and perhaps the Roman ritual traditions.Шаблон:Sfn

Role

*Dyēus was the Sky or Day conceived as a divine entity, and thus the dwelling of the gods, the Heaven.Шаблон:Sfn As the gateway to the deities and the father of both the Divine Twins and the goddess of the Dawn (*H₂éwsōs), *Dyēus was a prominent deity in the Proto-Indo-European pantheon.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He was however likely not their ruler or the holder of the supreme power like Zeus and Jupiter.Шаблон:Sfn

*Dyēus was associated with the bright and vast sky, but also to the cloudy weather in the Vedic and Greek formulas *Dyēus' rain.Шаблон:Sfn Although several reflexes of Dyēus are storm deities, such as Zeus and Jupiter, this is thought to be a late development exclusive to Mediterranean traditions, probably derived from syncretism with Canaanite deities and the Proto-Indo-European god *Perkʷūnos.

Due to his celestial nature, *Dyēus is often described as "all-seeing" or "with wide vision" in Indo-European myths. It is unlikely however that he was in charge of the supervision of justice and righteousness, as it was the case for Zeus or the Indo-Iranian Mithra–Varuna duo, but he was suited to serve at least as a witness to oaths and treaties.Шаблон:Sfn Proto-Indo-Europeans also visualized the sun as the "lamp of Dyēus" or the "eye of Dyēus", as seen in various reflexes: "the god's lamp" in Euripides' Medea, "heaven's candle" in Beowulf, "the land of Hatti's torch" (the Sun-goddess of Arinna) in a Hittite prayer,Шаблон:Sfn Helios as the eye of Zeus, Hvare-khshaeta as the eye of Ahura Mazda, and the sun as "God's eye" in Romanian folklore.

Consort

*Dyēus is often paired with *Dʰéǵʰōm, the Earth goddess, and described as uniting with her to ensure the growth and sustenance of terrestrial life; the earth becomes pregnant as the rain falls from the sky.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The relationship between Father Sky (*Dyēus Ph₂tḗr) and Mother Earth (*Dʰéǵʰōm Méh₂tēr) is also of contrast: the latter is portrayed as the vast and dark dwelling of mortals, located below the bright seat of the gods.Шаблон:Sfn According to Jackson however, as the thunder-god is frequently associated with the fructifying rains, she may be a more fitting partner of *Perkʷūnos than of *Dyēus.Шаблон:Sfn

While Hausos and the Divine Twins are generally considered the offsprings of *Dyēus alone,Шаблон:Sfn some scholars have proposed a spouse-goddess reconstructed as *Diwōnā or *Diuōneh₂,Шаблон:Sfn with a possible descendant in Zeus's consort Dione. A thematic echo occurs in the Vedic tradition as Indra's wife Indrānī displays a similar jealous and quarrelsome disposition under provocation. A second descendant may be found in Dia, a mortal said to unite with Zeus in a Greek myth. After the mating of Dia's husband Ixion with the phantom of Hera, the spouse of Zeus, the story leads ultimately to the birth of the Centaurs (who may be seen as reminiscent of the Divine Twins, sons of *Dyēus).Шаблон:Sfn Another reflex may be found in the Mycenaean Greek Diwia, possibly a feminine counterpart of Zeus attested in the second part of the 2nd millennium BC and which may have survived in the Pamphylian dialect of Asia Minor. The reconstruction is however only based upon the Greek—and to a lesser extent the Vedic—tradition, and it remains therefore not secured.Шаблон:Sfn

If the female goddesses Hera, Juno, Frigg and Shakti share a common association with marriage and fertility, Mallory and Adams note however that "these functions are much too generic to support the supposition of a distinct PIE 'consort goddess' and many of the 'consorts' probably represent assimilations of earlier goddesses who may have had nothing to do with marriage."Шаблон:Sfn

Evidence

Файл:Stater Zeus Lampsacus CdM.jpg

Laurel-wreathed head of Zeus, c 360–340 BC.

Cognates deriving either from the stem *dyeu- ("daylight, bright sky"), the epithet *Dyēus Ph₂ter ("Father Sky"), the vṛddhi-derivative *deiwós ("celestial", a "god"), the derivative *diwyós ("divine"), or the back-formation Шаблон:Lang (a "day") are among the most widely attested in Indo-European languages.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Descendants

• PIE: *d(e)i-, 'to shine, be bright',Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
  • PIE: *dyēus, the daylight-sky god,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
    • Indo-Iranian: *dyauš,
      • Sanskrit: Dyáuṣ (द्यौष्), the god of Heaven, and dyú (द्यु), the common word for "heaven",Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
      • Old Avestan: dyaoš (𐬛𐬫𐬀𐬊𐬱), "heaven", mentioned in a single verse of the Avesta; Young Avestan: diiaoš, "hell", as a result of the Zoroastrian religious reformation,Шаблон:Sfn
    • Mycenaean Greek: di-we (𐀇𐀸 /diwei/), dative case of an otherwise scarcely attested name,Шаблон:Sfn
      • Cypriot Syllabary: ti-wo, interpreted as pertaining to Zeus, and the possible genitive Diwoi,
        • Greek: Zeus (Ζεύς; gen. Diós), the god of the Sky; also Boeotian Lac., Corinth., Rhod. dialects: Deús (Δεύς),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
    • Italic: Шаблон:Lang,Шаблон:Sfn
      • Old Latin: Dioue (or loue), Dijovis (diovis),Шаблон:Sfn
        • Latin: Jove (Iove; gen. Iovis), the god of the Sky;Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
        • Latin: Diūs, the god of oaths (from Шаблон:Lang < *diyēus),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
      • Oscan: Diúvei (Διουϝει), genitive singular,Шаблон:Sfn
      • Umbrian: Di or Dei (Grabouie/Graboue), attested in the Iguvine Tablets,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
      • Paelignian: Ioviois (Pvclois) and Ioveis (Pvcles), interpreted as a calque of the Greek theonym Diós-kouroi,
    • Anatolian: *diéu-, *diu-, a "god",Шаблон:Sfn
      • Hittite: šīuš (𒅆𒍑), a "god" or the Sun-God;Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Ill, Hittite personification of day; another deity named Šiušummiš is mentioned in the Anitta text.
      • Palaic: tiuna, "divine, a god",Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
      • Lydian: ciw-, a "god";Шаблон:Sfn Lefs or Lévs, the Lydian Zeus.
    • Proto-Armenian: *Tiw, the Sky- or Thunder-god,Шаблон:Sfn
      • Armenian: tiw (Տիւ), "day, daytime, morning" and ti, "day" (only in erk-ti "two days"); and possibly also ciacan "rainbow" (according to Martirosyan, from *Ti(w)-a- attached to *can- "sign, omen", thus "the sign of the Sky/Thunder-god"),Шаблон:Sfn
    • Illyrian: dei-, meaning "heaven" or "God", as in Dei-pátrous, the "sky-father",Шаблон:Sfn
    • Proto-Messapic: *dyēs,Шаблон:Sfn
      • Messapic: Zis or Dis, the sky-god,Шаблон:Sfn
    • Albanian: Zojz, a sky and lightning god;Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn the root *d(e)i- may also be found in Perën-di "Heaven", "God" (with a suffix -di attached to per-en-, an extension of PIE *per- "to strike"),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
    • Thracian: Zi-, Diu-, and Dias- (in personal names),Шаблон:Sfn
    • Phrygian: Tiy-,Шаблон:Sfn
    • Bithynia: Tiyes and the place name Tium (Τιεῖον).

"Sky-Father" epithet

Файл:Júpiter y Tetis, por Dominique IngresFXD.jpg

The Roman god Jupiter (Iovis-pater), 1811.

Ritual and formulaic expressions stemming from the form *Dyēus Ph₂ter ("Father Dyēus") were inherited in the following liturgic and poetic traditions:

• PIE: *dyēus ph₂tḗr, 'Father Sky' (voc. *dyeu ph₂ter, "O Father Sky"),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
  • Greek: Zeus Patēr (Ζεῦς πατήρ; voc. Ζεῦ πάτερ),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
  • Indo-Iranian: *Dyauš-pHtar,
    • Vedic: Dyáuṣ-pitā́ (voc. Dyáuṣ-pitṛ́, द्यौष्पितृ),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
  • Italic: Шаблон:Lang > Шаблон:Lang (voc. Шаблон:Lang),Шаблон:Sfn
    • Old Latin: Dies Pater,Шаблон:Sfn
      • Latin: Diespiter (from Шаблон:Lang); Iūpiter (from Шаблон:Lang), archaic Iovispater, later Iuppiter,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
    • Oscan: Dípatír, Umbrian: Iupater (dat. Iuve patre),Шаблон:Sfn South Picene: dipater (gen. dipoteres),Шаблон:Sfn
  • Illyrian: Deipaturos, recorded by Hesychius as Δειπάτυροϛ (Deipáturos), a god worshiped in Tymphaea.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Other reflexes are variants that have retained both linguistic descendants of the stem *dyeu- ("sky") alongside the original structure "Father God". Some traditions have replaced the epithet *ph₂ter with the nursery word papa ("dad, daddy"):

• Luwian: Tātis tiwaz, "Daddy Tiwaz", the Sun-god,Шаблон:Sfn
• Palaic: Tiyaz papaz, "Papa Tiyaz", the Sun-god,Шаблон:Sfn
• Scythian: Papaios (Papa Zios), "father Zeus", the god of the Sky,Шаблон:Sfn
• Old Irish: in Dagdae Oll-athair, "Great Father the Dagda" (from the Proto-Celtic formula *sindos dago-dēwos ollo fātir, "Great Father the Good God").Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Other variants are less secured:

• Hittite: attas Isanus, "Father Sun-god"; the name of the sky-god was replaced with a Hattic sun-god loan, but the original structure of the formula left intact,Шаблон:Sfn
• Latvian: Debess tēvs, "Father of Heaven",Шаблон:Sfn
• Old Norse: Óðinn Alföðr, "Odin, All-Father" or "Odin Father of All",
• Russian: Stribogŭ, "Father God",Шаблон:Sfn
• Albanian: Zot, "lord" or "God", epithet of Zojz, the sky-father (generally thought to be derived from Proto-Albanian Шаблон:Lang, "heavenly father"; although the etymology Шаблон:Lang, "lord of the house", has also been proposed),
• Tokharian B: kauṃ-ñäkte, 'sun, sun-god'.Шаблон:Sfn

"Celestial" derivations

Файл:Týr by Frølich.jpg

The Germanic god Týr, 1895.

Cognates stemming from *deywós, a vṛddhi-derivation of *dyēus (the sky-god), are attested in the following traditions:Шаблон:Sfn

• PIE: *deywós (lit. skyling, pl. *deywṓs), meaning "celestial, heavenly one", hence a "god",Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
  • Indo-Iranian: *daivá (daiua), a "god",Шаблон:Sfn
    • Sanskrit: devá (देव), meaning "heavenly, divine, anything of excellence",Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and devi, female title meaning "goddess";
    • Avestan: daēva (𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀, daēuua), a term for "demons" in Zoroastrianism, as a result of a religious reformation that degraded the status of prior deities,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
      • Old Persian: daiva meaning "false deities, demons",Шаблон:Sfn
  • Balto-Slavic: *deiwas,Шаблон:Sfn
    • Baltic: *deivas,Шаблон:Sfn
      • Old Lithuanian: Deivas,Шаблон:Sfn
        • Lithuanian: Diēvas, supreme god of the sky,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
      • Old Prussian: Dìews (or Deywis), Latvian: Dievs,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and the Baltic Dievaitis ("Little God" or "Prince"), a name used to refer to the Thunder God Perkūnas, or to the Moon God Mėnuo.
  • Germanic: *tīwaz (pl. *tīwōz), a word for "god" that probably also served as a title (*Tīwaz, "God") that came to be associated with a specific deity whose original name is now lost,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
    • Late Proto-Germanic *Tiwasdag, a calque of Latin dies Martis which gave the word for 'Tuesday' in Old Norse Týs-dagr, Old English Tīwes-dæg, Old Frisian Tīesdi, and Old High German Zies-tag;Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn interpreted as a remnant of the sky and war functions of *Tīwaz by G. Kroonen, although M. L. West views it as unlikely,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
      • Old Norse: Týr, associated with justice;Шаблон:Sfn the plural tívar survived as a poetic word for 'the gods', and týr appears in kennings for Odin and Thor,Шаблон:Sfn such as in the Odin's names Sigtýr ("victory-god"), Gautatýr ("god of the Geats"), Fimbultýr ("powerful god"), or Hertýr ("army-god"),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
      • Old English: Tīw (or Tīg), Old High German: Zio (or *Ziu), a god,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
      • Gothic: *Teiws, a deity reconstructed from the associated rune ᛏ (Tyz),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
  • Italic: *deiwos, a "god, a deity",Шаблон:Sfn
    • Old Latin: Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang), the "gods",Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
      • Latin: Шаблон:Lang, common name for a "god, a deity";Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and Dea ("goddess"),Шаблон:Sfn a title assigned to various Roman goddesses like Dea Tacita, Bona Dea or Dea Dia ("Goddess of the Daylight" or "Bright Goddess").
        • Vulgar Latin: Deus, the god of Christianity in the Vetus Latina and the Vulgate,
    • Oscan: deivas, Venetic: deivos, "gods",Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
    • Volscian: deue Decluna, attested in an inscription from Velitrae, possibly from the 3rd century BC.
  • Celtic: *dēwos, a "god, a deity",Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and *dago-dēwos, the "good god", old name of the Dagda,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
    • Celtiberian: Шаблон:Lang, a "god",Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
    • Gaulish: Шаблон:Lang, a "god",Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
      • Gaulish: Devona (/deuona/) or Divona (/Шаблон:Lang/), a deity of sacred waters, springs, and rivers whose name means "Divine",Шаблон:Sfn
    • Old Welsh: Dubr Duiu ("Water of the Divinity"), evolving into Mod. Welsh Dyfrdwy (River Dee, Wales). The form deva, diva ("goddess") likewise appears in Celtic river names throughout Western Europe,Шаблон:Sfn such as in the Scottish rivers Dēoúa (modern-day Dee, Galloway),Шаблон:Sfn and Dēouana (Δηουανα; modern-day Don, Aberdeenshire),
    • Old Irish: día, a "god",Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and An Dag-da, the druid-god of wisdom,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
      • Irish: Dhe ("god"), attested in the modern Sùil Dhé mhóir prayer ("The eye of the great God", in reference to the Sun), featured in Carmina Gadelica.Шаблон:Sfn
  • Messapic: deiva, dīva, "goddess",Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
  • Phrygian: devos.Шаблон:Sfn

Other cognates are less secured:

• Slavic: *diva (> *dîvo), perhaps a word for a "good deity" which progressively took the meaning of "miracle", hence "evil being",Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
  • Old Church Slavonic: divo, Old Polish: dziwo, Russian: dívo, Serbo-Croatian: dîvo, "miracle(s)",Шаблон:Sfn
  • OCS: divŭ, "demon", South Slavic: div, "giant, demonic being", Czech: divo-žena, "sorceress, witch", Slovak: divo, "monster",Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn although the Proto-Slavic root *divŭ(jĭ) ("wild") has also been proposed,Шаблон:Sfn
  • Polish: Dziewanna, Sorbian: Dživica, Slavic equivalent of Diana, however, other etymologies have been proposed.
• Lusitanian: Reo, an unknown deity.
  • Lusitanian: Deiba and Deibo, attested in votive inscriptions of altars; taken to mean the "local" or "indigenous" pronunciations of Deae and Deo.

"Divine" derivations

Other cognates deriving from the adjective *diwyós (*dyeu "sky" + yós, a thematic suffix) are attested in the following traditions:Шаблон:Sfn

• PIE: *diwyós, meaning "divine, heavenly, godlike",Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
  • Mycenaean Greek: di-wi-jo (Шаблон:Transl), di-wi-ja (Шаблон:Transl),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
    • Greek: dîos (δῖος), "belonging to heaven, godlike", also "belonging to Zeus" in tragedies;Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn feminine Día (Δῖα < *Díw-ya), a goddess venerated in classical times at Phlius and Sicyon, and possibly identified with Hebe, the cup-bearer of the gods,Шаблон:Sfn
  • Indo-Iranian: *diuiHa- / diuiia-,
    • Sanskrit: divyá, "heavenly",Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
    • Avestan: daeuuiia, "devilish, diabolic",Шаблон:Sfn
  • Proto-Italic: *dīwī (dat.abl.pl. dīwīs),Шаблон:Sfn
    • Latin: dīvus, dīvī, "divine, heavenly, godlike",Шаблон:Sfn
      • Latin: Dīs Pater, from dīves (gen. dītis), meaning "wealthy, rich", probably derived from *dīwīs > dīvus via the intermediate form Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang ("who is like the gods, protected by the gods"), with contraction *īwi- > ī. According to de Vaan, "the occurrence of the deity Dīs together with pater may be due to association with Di(e)spiter."Шаблон:Sfn
    • Latin: dīus, dīā, another adjective with the same meaning, probably based on *dīwī > diī (dat.abl.pl. dīs),Шаблон:Sfn
      • Latin: Diāna (from an older Dīāna), goddess of the moon and the countryside.Шаблон:Sfn

Other cognates are less secured:

• Paleo-Balkan:
  • Albanian: zana "nymph, goddess".Шаблон:Sfn
  • Romanian: zână "fairy, goddess".Шаблон:Sfn

Legacy

As the pantheons of the individual mythologies related to Proto-Indo-European religion evolved, attributes of *Dyēus seem to have been redistributed to other deities. In Greek and Roman mythology, *Dyēus was the chief god, while the etymological continuant of Dyēus became a very abstract god in Vedic mythology, and his original prominence over other gods largely diluted.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

In Albanian tradition

Файл:Mali i Tomorrit nga kalaja e Beratit.jpg

The cult practiced by the Albanians on Mount Tomorr in central Albania is considered as a continuation of the ancient sky-god worship.

After the first access of the ancestors of the Albanians to the Christian religion in antiquity, the presumable Albanian term for Sky-Father – Zot – has been used for God, the Father and the Son (Christ).Шаблон:Sfn In Albanian folk beliefs the peak of the highest mountains like Tomorr in central Albania has been associated with the sky-god Zojz.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The enduring sanctity of the mountain, the annual pilgrimage to its summit, and the solemn sacrifice of a white bull by the local people provide abundant evidence that the ancient cult of the sky-god on Mount Tomorr continues through the generations almost untouched by the course of political events and religious changes.Шаблон:Sfn

In Slavic tradition

At one point, early Slavs, like some Iranian peoples after the Zoroastrian religious reformation, demonized the Slavic successor of *Dyēus (abandoning this word in the sense of "heaven" at the same time, keeping the word for day, however, and abandoning many of the names of the other Proto-Indo-European gods, replacing them with new Slavic or Iranian names), while not replacing it with any other specific god, as a result of cultural contacts with Iranian peoples in the first millennium BC. Hence, after the process of demonization by the Slavs, *Dyēus is considered to have originated two continuations: *divo ("strange, odd thing") and *divъ ("demon").Шаблон:Sfn The result of this demonization may be Pan-Slavic demons, e.g. Polish and Czech dziwożona, or Div occurring in The Tale of Igor's Campaign.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

According to some researchers, at least some of *Dyēus's traits could have been taken over by Svarog (Urbańczyk: Sun-Dažbóg – heavenly fire, Svarožič – earthly fire, Svarog – heaven, lightning).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Helmold recalls that the Slavs were also supposed to believe in a god in heaven, who only deals with heavenly matters and commands other gods.Шаблон:Sfn

In non-Indo-European traditions

Various loanwords of *deiwós were introduced in non-Indo-European languages, such as Estonian taevas or Finnish taivas ("sky"), borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian into these Uralic languages.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book

Further reading

• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal