According to Eutychius, under the reign of Heraclius, the Jews launched an expedition against Tyre.[1]Шаблон:Rp Bands of Jews from Jerusalem, Tiberias, Galilee, Damascus, and even from Cyprus, united and undertook an incursion against Tyre, having been invited by the 4,000 Jewish inhabitants of that city to surprise and massacre the Christians on Easter night. The Jewish army is said to have consisted of 20,000 men. The expedition, however, miscarried, as the Christians of Tyre learned of the impending danger, and seized the 4,000 Tyrian Jews as hostages. The Jewish invaders destroyed the churches around Tyre, an act which the Christians avenged by killing two thousand of their Jewish prisoners. The besiegers, to save the remaining prisoners, withdrew,[2] having had to suffer the humiliation of watching the heads of the Jewish captives as they were thrown over the walls.[3]Шаблон:Rp
During the frequent Roman–Persian Wars that lasted for many centuries, the Sassanid Persians occupied what is now Lebanon from 619 to 629.[4] Shortly after the Byzantine victory in the war and the recovery of the region, it was again lost, this time permanently, to the Muslim conquests: by the 640s, the Muslim Arabs conquered Syria soon after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, establishing a new regime to replace the Romans. The Maronite community clung to its religion and managed to maintain a large degree of autonomy despite the succession of rulers over the Levant.[5]
Islamic rule
The conquest of Lebanon during the Arab and Islamic conquests was linked to the conquest of Bilād Al-Shām as a whole, or what is known as the Levant, being an integral part of it, the Arab Muslims swiftly took it from the Byzantine Empire during the era of Caliph Umar Ibn Al-Khattab, who ordered the division of the Levant when he conquered it, into four Ajnad, including the Jund Dimashq which includes Mount Lebanon with its corresponding western coastal plains and the eastern interior plains.[6]Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan was at the forefront of the Islamic army, which headed to Lebanon[7] with Yazid's half-brother, Muawiyah. He marched to Sidon, Beirut, and Jbeil, while Khalid bin Al-Walid entered the Bekaa region[8] reaching Baalbek.[9][10] The Muslims reconciled the residents of Lebanon, most of whom were mixtures of middle eastern Christians (Arab Nabataeans and Ghassanids and Syriac Maronites). In addition to the Mardaites or Al-Jarajima, all of them would become an ally to the Muslims in confronting the Byzantine Romans.
As for Tripoli, it was conquered for the first time in a separate conquest by the commander Yūqannā in the year 18 AH (639/640 AD),[11] then the Byzantine Empire reoccupied some of its coast at the end of the Caliphate of Umar Ibn Al-Khattab or the beginning of the caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan. When Uthman appointed Muawiyah over the Levant, Muawiyah sent Sufyan bin Mujib al-Azdi to Tripoli to restore it, and it was three cities combined, so he built in Al-Marj ("the meadow"), miles from it, a fortress called "Sufyan's fort", and he used to stay in his fortress every night and fortify the Muslims there, then go to the enemy in the morning. He besieged Tripoli and cut off the supply of its people from the sea and land. Ibn Asaker adds in his "History of Damascus" details that confirm the story, which he transmitted with his chain of transmission on the authority of Abu Muti' Mu'awiyah bin Yahya al-TarabulsiШаблон:Efn (died after 170 AH, 786/787 AD) on the authority of a Sheikh from Tripoli that Sufyan bin Mujib camped with his great army in Marj al-Silsilah (Beddawi), which is five miles from Tripoli. At the origin of Mount Terbol, he used to walk to Tripoli to besiege it and then return to his camp in Al-Beddawi, and he continued on that for months until Muawiyah wrote to him ordering him to build for him and his companions a fortress that would shelter him by night and besiege them by day. As a result, Sufyan built a fortress two miles from Tripoli, which is called "Sufyan's Fort."
On the basis of this historical text of Abu Al-Muti' al-Tarabulsi, the historian Omar Tadmouri said that the Sufyan fortress is now located at the now-known Tripoli Citadel. The castle is two miles away from old Tripoli (El Mina), or 3200 meters.[12] When the siege intensified upon them, they gathered in one of the city's fortresses and wrote to the Roman king Constans II asking him to supply them or to send them boats to escape to. Subsequently, the emperor sent numerous boats to them, so they boarded them at night and fled. When Sufyan became aware, he found the fortress in which they were empty, so he entered it, and wrote the news of the conquest to Muawiyah. Then Abd al-Malik re-built it afterwards and fortified it (in modern El Mina).[13]
However, with the exodus of the Islamic Arab tribes to the coastal areas and the border areas within the framework of the conquest, the Christians of Lebanon began to gather in the fortified mountainous areas along the coast. Subsequently, from time to time, they used to communicate with the Byzantines, who took a spearhead from them to attack the Muslims since the days of the Umayyad Caliph Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan, taking advantage of his preoccupation with the events that accompanied his disagreement with Ali bin Abi Talib. The christian anti-islamic rebellion reached its climax during the reign of Abdul Malik bin Marwan during the events that culminated in the Hijaz and Iraq against the background of the revolution launched by Abdullah bin Al-Zubayr, So Abd al-Malik had to stop resisting the Mardaites and had to pay their leaders tributes in the form of dinars.[14][15][16][17]
Lebanese towns and cities
Other principal towns and cities of the Jund Dimashq were Beirut, Sidon, Tyre (the tax proceeds of which went to Jund al-Urdunn), Tripoli and Byblos along the coast. The coastal cities and their immediate surroundings formed their own small districts.Шаблон:Sfn
As of the administrative system approved by the Caliphate for the city of Tripoli, the Umayyads adopted an administrative system for the Lebanese cities which stipulates the presence of a governor for each city, and these governors were directly subordinate to the caliph in Damascus. However, the coastal cities such as Tripoli, Beirut and Tyre enjoyed the presence of a city 'āmil (administrator) and an amīr for the sea.[18]
The Patriarch of Antioch, Anastasius II is martyred in 609, leaving the Maronites without a leader. With the ongoing Byzantine–Sasanian War and general unrest in the area, Constantinople began to appoint a series of titular patriarchs; which leads to the appointment of the first Maronite Patriarch.[20][21]
Caliph Abu Bakr introduces Islam to the area around Lebanon, from 632 to 634 AD.[26][27]
Baalbek sends two thousand soldiers to support Huwwarin when Khalid Ibn Al-Walid attacked it in the year 13 AH / 634 AD.[28]
In 634 AD, soon after the appointment of Abu-Ubaidah as commander in chief of the Rashidun army, he sends a small detachment to the annual fair held at Abu-al-Quds, modern day Ablah, near Zahlé 50 kilometres (31 miles) east of Beirut.[29]
Khalid walks to Baalbek on the Zabadani road. At the same time, Heraclius sends to the army of Baalbek ordering it to march to Bisan to support the Byzantines there. When Khalid approached the outskirts of Baalbek, he learned that the Roman army had left the city, so he took with him the sheep and cows that he found on his way and returned to Abu Ubaidah, who lives in front of the walls of Damascus. Khalid did not enter Baalbek nor did he besiege it. This was done in the month of Dhul-Qi'dah, 13 AH, January 635 AD.[31]
After the Battle of Yarmouk, Caliph Umar appoints Muawiyah I, founder of the Umayyad dynasty, as ruler of Jund Dimashq, an area that included Lebanon at that time, 636 AD.
In 639, Tripoli is finally invaded by the Rashidun Caliphate.
640s
In the late 640s, the Rashidun caliph's governor Muawiyah, launches his naval invasions of Cyprus from Tyre.[32]
In June 659, the bishops of the Jacobites — Theodore and Sabukht — comes to Damascus and holds an inquiry into the Faith with the Maronites in the presence of Mu'awiya.[35]
660s
Shabib bin Amer, the pro-Alid governor of Upper Mesopotamia, reaches Baalbek with his anti-Umayyad attacks in the year 39 AH - 660 AD.
Constantine, future Roman Catholic pope is born in Tyre, Lebanon, 664 AD.[38]
The Maronite belief is defined in the year 667 AD as the existence of two natures in Christ, with him having one will for the two natures to meet in one hypostasis.[25]
Muawiyah negotiates an agreement with Constantine IV, the Byzantine emperor, agreeing to pay an annual tribute to Constantine in exchange for stopping the Mardaite massacres and raids of the muslim inhabitants, 667 AD.[26]
670s
Sufyan bin Mujib Al-Azdi, a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, dies in Baalbek, 670 AD/50 AH.
According to Theophanes the confessor: "In this year [676 or 677 CE], the Mardaites penetrated into the range of Lebanon and made themselves masters of the Black Mountain up to the holy city and seized the heights of Lebanon. Many slaves, captives and natives fled to their homes, so that in a short time there were many thousands. When Mauias [Muawiya] and his advisers heard of this, they were very afraid…"[39]
John Maron gets elected as the first Maronite Patriarch of Antioch and All the East in 685 with the approval of Pope Sergius I.[20]
In 685, the Byzantine emperor, Constantine IV, leads his army to Mopsuestia in Cilicia, and prepares to cross the border into Syria, where the Mardaites, an indigenous Christian group, were already causing considerable trouble. With Abd al-Malik own position insecure, he concluded a treaty whereby he would pay a tribute of 1,000 gold coins, a horse and a slave for every day of the year.[40]
In 687, as part of an agreements with Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, Byzantine emperor Justinian II sends 12,000 Christian Maronites from Lebanon to Armenia.[41]
Emperor Justinian II sends the Mardaites again to raid Syria in 688/9; this time they were joined by native peasants and slaves and were able to advance as far as Lebanon.[42]
In 694, at the battle of Amioun, Justinian sends troops against the Maronites in an unsuccessful attempt to capture their Patriarch.[44]
Byzantine-Maronite relations improve with the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Tiberius, according to Doueihi, the Maronites led by Simon, a Mountain Prince, joined the Byzantine forces to defeat the Arabs in 699. Doueihi states that :"As a token of gratitude, the Byzantine Emperor sent Patriarch John Maroun a royal flower along with a letter thanking his holiness and his brave followers".[45]
Al-Omari Grand Mosque, (ٱلْمَسْجِد ٱلْعُمَرِيّ ٱلْكَبِير) 635 AD, built during the reign of Islam's second Caliph Umar Bin El Khattab.[49][50]
The Monastery of Mar Yuhanna Maroun, Kfarhay, built in 676 AD by Patriarch John Maron who moved over the relics of the head of Maron into it making the Monastery the first Seat of the Maronite Patriarchate.[51]
↑Giftopoulou, Sofia (2005). "Diocese of Oriens (Byzantium)". Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor. Foundation of the Hellenic World. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
↑قال صاحب معجم البلدان 1/38; «وأما الجند فيجيء في قولهم: جند قنسرين، وجند فلسطين، وجند حمص، وجند دمشق، وجند الأردن. فهي خمسة أجناد، وكلها بالشام. ولم يبلغني أنهم استعملوا ذلك في غير أرض الشام
↑The History of Baalbek, Hassan Abbas Nasrallah, first edition, volume 1, p. 80 and 81.
↑Lilie, Ralph-Johannes (1976). Die byzantinische Reaktion auf die Ausbreitung der Araber. Studien zur Strukturwandlung des byzantinischen Staates im 7. und 8. Jhd (in German). Munich: Institut für Byzantinistik und Neugriechische Philologie der Universität München. OCLC 797598069.
↑Bury, J.B., A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene, Vol. II, MacMillan & Co., 1889, p. 321
↑ 48,048,1الصحابة في لبنان - أ.د. عمر عبد السلام تدمري
↑الوالي، الشّيخ محمد طه (1973) تأريخ المساجد والجوامع الشريفة في بيروت، دار الكتب، بيروت.
↑Enlart, Camille (1904) "La Cathédrale Saint-Jean de Beyrouth" in: Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France: centenaire 1804-1904, Klincksieck, Paris: 121-133.
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