Английская Википедия:Aleph
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Phoenician glyph
Aleph (or alef or alif, transliterated ʾ) is the first letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician ʾālep 𐤀, Hebrew ʾālef א, Aramaic ʾālap 𐡀, Syriac ʾālap̄ ܐ, Arabic ʾalif ا, and North Arabian 𐪑. It also appears as South Arabian 𐩱 and Ge'ez ʾälef አ.
These letters are believed to have derived from an Egyptian hieroglyph depicting an ox's head[1] to describe the initial sound of *ʾalp, the West Semitic word for ox[2] (compare Biblical Hebrew Шаблон:Script/Hebrew ʾelef, "ox"[3]). The Phoenician variant gave rise to the Greek alpha (Шаблон:Lang), being re-interpreted to express not the glottal consonant but the accompanying vowel, and hence the Latin A and Cyrillic А.
Phonetically, aleph originally represented the onset of a vowel at the glottis. In Semitic languages, this functions as a prosthetic weak consonant, allowing roots with only two true consonants to be conjugated in the manner of a standard three consonant Semitic root. In most Hebrew dialects as well as Syriac, the aleph is an absence of a true consonant, a glottal stop (Шаблон:IPAblink), the sound found in the catch in uh-oh. In Arabic, the alif represents the glottal stop pronunciation when it is the initial letter of a word. In texts with diacritical marks, the pronunciation of an aleph as a consonant is rarely indicated by a special marking, hamza in Arabic and mappiq in Tiberian Hebrew. In later Semitic languages, aleph could sometimes function as a mater lectionis indicating the presence of a vowel elsewhere (usually long). When this practice began is the subject of some controversy, though it had become well established by the late stage of Old Aramaic (ca. 200 BCE). Aleph is often transliterated as Шаблон:Unichar, based on the Greek spiritus lenis Шаблон:Lang; for example, in the transliteration of the letter name itself, Шаблон:Transl.[4]
Origin
The name aleph is derived from the West Semitic word for "ox" (as in the Biblical Hebrew word Eleph (אֶלֶף) 'ox'[3]), and the shape of the letter derives from a Proto-Sinaitic glyph that may have been based on an Egyptian hieroglyph, which depicts an ox's head.[5]
| Hieroglyph | Proto-Sinaitic | Phoenician | Paleo-Hebrew |
|---|---|---|---|
| <hiero>F1</hiero> | Aleph | Aleph | Aleph |
In Modern Standard Arabic, the word Шаблон:Lang /ʔaliːf/ literally means 'tamed' or 'familiar', derived from the root Шаблон:IPA, from which the verb ألِف Шаблон:IPA means 'to be acquainted with; to be on intimate terms with'.[6] In modern Hebrew, the same root Шаблон:IPA (alef-lamed-peh) gives me’ulaf, the passive participle of the verb le’alef, meaning 'trained' (when referring to pets) or 'tamed' (when referring to wild animals).
Шаблон:Anchor Ancient Egyptian
The Egyptian "vulture" hieroglyph (Gardiner G1), by convention pronounced Шаблон:IPA) is also referred to as aleph, on grounds that it has traditionally been taken to represent a glottal stop (Шаблон:IPA), although some recent suggestions[7][8] tend towards an alveolar approximant (Шаблон:IPAblink) sound instead. Despite the name it does not correspond to an aleph in cognate Semitic words, where the single "reed" hieroglyph is found instead.
The phoneme is commonly transliterated by a symbol composed of two half-rings, in Unicode (as of version 5.1, in the Latin Extended-D range) encoded at U+A722 Ꜣ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF and U+A723 ꜣ LATIN SMALL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF. A fallback representation is the numeral 3, or the Middle English character ȝ Yogh; neither are to be preferred to the genuine Egyptological characters.
Aramaic
The Aramaic reflex of the letter is conventionally represented with the Hebrew Шаблон:Lang in typography for convenience, but the actual graphic form varied significantly over the long history and wide geographic extent of the language. Maraqten identifies three different aleph traditions in East Arabian coins: a lapidary Aramaic form that realizes it as a combination of a V-shape and a straight stroke attached to the apex, much like a Latin K; a cursive Aramaic form he calls the "elaborated X-form", essentially the same tradition as the Hebrew reflex; and an extremely cursive form of two crossed oblique lines, much like a simple Latin X.[9]
| Cursive Aramaic | Lapidary Aramaic |
|---|---|
| Файл:Aleph.svg | Lapidary aleph |
Hebrew alef
Hebrew spelling: Шаблон:Script/Hebrew
In Modern Israeli Hebrew, the letter either represents a glottal stop (Шаблон:IPAblink) or indicates a hiatus (the separation of two adjacent vowels into distinct syllables, with no intervening consonant). It is sometimes silent (word-finally always, word-medially sometimes: Шаблон:Script/Hebrew Шаблон:IPA "he", Шаблон:Script/Hebrew Шаблон:IPA "main", Шаблон:Script/Hebrew Шаблон:IPA "head", Шаблон:Script/Hebrew Шаблон:IPA "first"). The pronunciation varies in different Jewish ethnic divisions.
In gematria, aleph represents the number 1, and when used at the beginning of Hebrew years, it means 1000 (e.g. Шаблон:Script/Hebrew in numbers would be the Hebrew date 1754, not to be confused with 1754 CE).
Aleph, along with ayin, resh, he and heth, cannot receive a dagesh. (However, there are few very rare examples of the Masoretes adding a dagesh or mappiq to an aleph or resh. The verses of the Hebrew Bible for which an aleph with a mappiq or dagesh appears are Genesis 43:26, Leviticus 23:17, Job 33:21 and Ezra 8:18.)
In Modern Hebrew, the frequency of the usage of alef, out of all the letters, is 4.94%.
Aleph is sometimes used as a mater lectionis to denote a vowel, usually Шаблон:IPA. That use is more common in words of Aramaic and Arabic origin, in foreign names, and some other borrowed words.
| Orthographic variants | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Various Print Fonts | Cursive Hebrew |
Rashi Script | ||
| Serif | Sans-serif | Monospaced | ||
| א | א | א | Файл:Hebrew letter Alef handwriting.svg | Файл:Alef (Rashi-script - Hebrew letter).svg |
Rabbinic Judaism
Aleph is the subject of a midrash that praises its humility in not demanding to start the Bible. (In Hebrew, the Bible begins with the second letter of the alphabet, bet.) In the story, aleph is rewarded by being allowed to start the Ten Commandments. (In Hebrew, the first word is Шаблон:Script/Hebrew, which starts with an aleph.)
In the Sefer Yetzirah, the letter aleph is king over breath, formed air in the universe, temperate in the year, and the chest in the soul.
Aleph is also the first letter of the Hebrew word emet (Шаблон:Script/Hebrew), which means truth. In Judaism, it was the letter aleph that was carved into the head of the golem that ultimately gave it life.
Aleph also begins the three words that make up God's name in Exodus, I Am who I Am (in Hebrew, Ehyeh Asher Ehyeh Шаблон:Lang), and aleph is an important part of mystical amulets and formulas.
Aleph represents the oneness of God. The letter can be seen as being composed of an upper yud, a lower yud, and a vav leaning on a diagonal. The upper yud represents the hidden and ineffable aspects of God while the lower yud represents God's revelation and presence in the world. The vav ("hook") connects the two realms.
Judaism relates aleph to the element of air, and the Scintillating Intelligence (#11) of the path between Kether and Chokmah in the Tree of the Sephiroth Шаблон:Citation needed.
Yiddish
In Yiddish,[10] aleph is used for several orthographic purposes in native words, usually with different diacritical marks borrowed from Hebrew niqqud:
- With no diacritics, aleph is silent; it is written at the beginning of words before vowels spelled with the letter vov or yud. For instance, oykh 'also' is spelled אויך. The digraph וי represents the initial diphthong [[[:Шаблон:IPA]]], but that digraph is not permitted at the beginning of a word in Yiddish orthography, so it is preceded by a silent aleph. Some publications use a silent aleph adjacent to such vowels in the middle of a word as well when necessary to avoid ambiguity.
- An aleph with the diacritic pasekh, אַ, represents the vowel Шаблон:IPAblink in standard Yiddish.
- An aleph with the diacritic komets, אָ, represents the vowel Шаблон:IPAblink in standard Yiddish.
Loanwords from Hebrew or Aramaic in Yiddish are spelled as they are in their language of origin.
Syriac ʾalaph/olaf
| Alaph |
|---|
| Файл:Syriac Eastern alap.svg Madnḫaya alap |
| Файл:Syriac Serta alap.svg Serṭo olaph |
| Файл:Syriac Estrangela alap.svg Esṭrangela alap |
Файл:Syriac letter shapes Alaph.PNG
In the Syriac alphabet, the first letter is Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang-syc, alap (in eastern dialects) or olaph (in western dialects). It is used in word-initial position to mark a word beginning with a vowel, but some words beginning with i or u do not need its help, and sometimes, an initial alap/olaph is elided. For example, when the Syriac first-person singular pronoun Шаблон:Lang is in enclitic positions, it is pronounced no/na (again west/east), rather than the full form eno/ana. The letter occurs very regularly at the end of words, where it represents the long final vowels o/a or e. In the middle of the word, the letter represents either a glottal stop between vowels (but West Syriac pronunciation often makes it a palatal approximant), a long i/e (less commonly o/a) or is silent.
South Arabian/Ge'ez
In the Ancient South Arabian alphabet, 𐩱 appears as the seventeenth letter of the South Arabian abjad. The letter is used to render a glottal stop Шаблон:IPA.
In the Ge'ez alphabet, ʾälef አ appears as the thirteenth letter of its abjad. This letter is also used to render a glottal stop Шаблон:IPA.
| South Arabian | Ge'ez |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge |
Arabic ʾalif
Written as Шаблон:Lang or 𐪑, spelled as Шаблон:Lang or 𐪑𐪁𐪐 and transliterated as Шаблон:Transl, it is the first letter in Arabic and North Arabian. Together with Hebrew aleph, Greek alpha and Latin A, it is descended from Phoenician Шаблон:Transl, from a reconstructed Proto-Canaanite Шаблон:Transl "ox".
Alif is written in one of the following ways depending on its position in the word: Шаблон:Arabic alphabet shapes
| North Arabian |
|---|
| Шаблон:Huge |
Arabic variants
Alif mahmūza: Шаблон:Big and Шаблон:Big
Шаблон:Main Шаблон:Anchor The Arabic letter was used to render either a long Шаблон:IPA or a glottal stop Шаблон:IPA. That led to orthographical confusion and to the introduction of the additional marking Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:Lang to fix the problem. Hamza is not considered a full letter in Arabic orthography: in most cases, it appears on a carrier, either a Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang), a dotless Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang), or an alif. Шаблон:Arabic alphabet shapes The choice of carrier depends on complicated orthographic rules. Alif Шаблон:Lang is generally the carrier if the only adjacent vowel is Шаблон:Transl. It is the only possible carrier if hamza is the first phoneme of a word. Where alif acts as a carrier for hamza, hamza is added above the alif, or, for initial alif-Шаблон:Transl, below it and indicates that the letter so modified is indeed a glottal stop, not a long vowel.
Шаблон:Anchor A second type of hamza, Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang) whose diacritic is normally omitted outside of sacred texts, occurs only as the initial letter of the definite article and in some related cases. It differs from Шаблон:Transl in that it is elided after a preceding vowel. Alif is always the carrier. Шаблон:Arabic alphabet shapes
Alif mamdūda: Шаблон:Big
Шаблон:Anchor The Шаблон:Transl is a double alif, expressing both a glottal stop and a long vowel. Essentially, it is the same as a Шаблон:Lang sequence: Шаблон:Lang (final Шаблон:Lang) Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:IPA, for example in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:IPA 'last'. Шаблон:Arabic alphabet shapes "It has become standard for a hamza followed by a long ā to be written as two alifs, one vertical and one horizontal."[11] (the "horizontal" alif being the maddah sign).
Alif maqṣūrah: Шаблон:Big
Шаблон:Anchor The ى ('limited/restricted alif', Шаблон:Transl), commonly known in Egypt as Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang, 'flexible alif'), may appear only at the end of a word. Although it looks different from a regular alif, it represents the same sound Шаблон:IPA, often realized as a short vowel. When it is written, Шаблон:Transl is indistinguishable from final Persian ye or Arabic Шаблон:Transl as it is written in Egypt, Sudan and sometimes elsewhere.
The letter is transliterated as Шаблон:Transl in Kazakh, representing the vowel /ə/. Шаблон:Transl is transliterated as Шаблон:Transl in ALA-LC, Шаблон:Transl in DIN 31635, Шаблон:Transl in ISO 233-2, and Шаблон:Transl in ISO 233.
In Arabic, alif maqsurah Шаблон:Lang is not used initially or medially, and it is not joinable initially or medially in any font. However, the letter is used initially and medially in the Uyghur Arabic alphabet and the Arabic-based Kyrgyz alphabet, representing the vowel /ɯ/: (Шаблон:Script/Arabic).Шаблон:Arabic alphabet shapes
Numeral
As a numeral, alif stands for the number one. It may be modified as follows to represent other numbers.Шаблон:Citation needed
| Modification to alif | Number represented |
|---|---|
| One dot below | 1,000 |
| One line below | 10,000 |
| One line above | 1,000,000 |
| Two dots below | 10,000,000 |
Other uses
Mathematics
In set theory, the Hebrew aleph glyph is used as the symbol to denote the aleph numbers, which represent the cardinality of infinite sets. This notation was introduced by mathematician Georg Cantor. In older mathematics books, the letter aleph is often printed upside down by accident, partly because a Monotype matrix for aleph was mistakenly constructed the wrong way up.[12]
Character encodings
See also
References
Шаблон:Commonscat Шаблон:Reflist Шаблон:Arabic language Шаблон:Hebrew language Шаблон:Northwest Semitic abjad
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