Английская Википедия:Amateur radio satellite
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Amateur radio An amateur radio satellite is an artificial satellite built and used by amateur radio operators. It forms part of the Amateur-satellite service.[1] These satellites use amateur radio frequency allocations to facilitate communication between amateur radio stations.
Many amateur satellites receive an OSCAR designation, which is an acronym for Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio. The designation is assigned by AMSAT, an organization which promotes the development and launch of amateur radio satellites. Because of the prevalence of this designation, amateur radio satellites are often referred to as OSCARs.
These satellites can be used free of charge by licensed amateur radio operators for voice (FM, SSB) and data (AX.25, packet radio, APRS) communications. Currently, over 18 fully operational amateur radio satellites are in orbit.[2] They may be designed to act as repeaters, as linear transponders, and as store and forward digital relays.
Amateur radio satellites have helped advance the science of satellite communications. Contributions include the launch of the first satellite voice transponder (OSCAR 3) and the development of highly advanced digital "store-and-forward" messaging transponder techniques.
The Amateur Radio Satellite community is very active in building satellites and in finding launch opportunities. Lists of functioning satellites need updating regularly, as new satellites are launched and older ones fail. Current information is published by AMSAT. AMSAT has not been actively involved in the launch and operation of most amateur satellites in the last two decades beyond allocating an OSCAR number.
History
OSCAR 1
The first amateur satellite, simply named OSCAR 1, was launched on December 12, 1961, barely four years after the launch of the world's first satellite, Sputnik I. The satellite had to be built in a very specific shape and weight, so it could be used in place of one of the launch vehicle ballast weights. OSCAR 1 was the first satellite to be ejected as a secondary payload (the primary payload was Discoverer 36) and to subsequently enter a separate orbit. It carried no on-board propulsion and its orbit decayed quickly. Despite orbiting for only 22 days, OSCAR 1 was an immediate success and led to follow-on missions. Over 570 amateur radio operators in 28 countries forwarded observations to Project OSCAR.
OSCAR 10
Most of the components for OSCAR 10 were "off the shelf". Jan King led the project. Solar cells were bought in batches of 10 or 20 from Radio Shack, and tested for efficiency by group members. The most efficient cells were kept for the project; the rest were returned to RadioShack. Once ready, OSCAR 10 was mounted aboard a private plane, and flown a couple of times to evaluate its performance and reliability. Special QSL cards were issued to those who participated in the airplane-based tests. Once it was found to be operative and reliable, the satellite was shipped to Kennedy Space Center, where it was mounted in the launch vehicle's third stage. OSCAR 10's dimensions were: Height: 1.35 m (53 in) Width: 2.0 m (78.75 in) Weight: 140 kg at launch; 90 kg post engine firings.[3]
Other satellites
Other programs besides OSCAR have included Iskra (Soviet Union) circa 1982, JAS-1 (Fuji-OSCAR 12) (Japan) in 1986, RS (Soviet Union and Russia), and CubeSats. (There is a list of major amateur satellites in Japanese Wikipedia).
Es’hail 2 / QO-100 [4] Launched November 15, 2018.In geostationary orbit covering Brazil to Thailand.
Narrowband Linear transponder
2400.050 - 2400.300 MHz Uplink
10489.550 - 10489.800 MHz Downlink
Wideband digital transponder
2401.500 - 2409.500 MHz Uplink
10491.000 - 10499.000 MHz Downlink
Hardware
The first amateur satellites contained telemetry beacons. Since 1965, most OSCARs carry a linear transponder for two-way communications in real time. Some satellites have a bulletin board for store-and-forward digital communications, or a digipeater for direct packet radio connections.
Orbits
Amateur satellites have been launched into low Earth orbits and into highly elliptical orbits.
Operations
Satellite communications
Currently, amateur satellites support many different types of operation, including FM voice and SSB voice, as well as digital communications of AX.25 FSK (Packet radio) and PSK-31.
Mode designators
Uplink and downlink designations use sets of paired letters following the structure X/Y where X is the uplink band and Y is the downlink band. Occasionally, the downlink letter is rendered in lower case (i.e., X/y). With a few exceptions, the letters correspond to IEEE's standard for radar frequency letter bands...[5]
Designator Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Center Band 15 m 10 m 2 m 70 cm 23 cm 13 cm 9 cm 5 cm 3 cm 1.2 cm 6 mm Frequency
(General)21 MHz 29 MHz 145 MHz 435 MHz 1.2 GHz 2.4 GHz 3.4 GHz 5 GHz 10 GHz 24 GHz 47 GHz
Prior to the launch of OSCAR 40, operating modes were designated using single letters to indicate both uplink and downlink bands. While deprecated, these older mode designations are still widely used in casual conversation.
Doppler shift
Due to the high orbital speed of the amateur satellites, the uplink and downlink frequencies will vary during the course of a satellite pass. This phenomenon is known as the Doppler effect. While the satellite is moving towards the ground station, the downlink frequency will appear to be higher than normal. Hence, the receiver frequency at the ground station must be adjusted higher to continue receiving the satellite. The satellite in turn, will be receiving the uplink signal at a higher frequency than normal so the ground station's transmitted uplink frequency must be lower to be received by the satellite. After the satellite passes overhead and begins to move away, this process is reversed. The downlink frequency will appear lower and the uplink frequency will need to be adjusted higher. The following mathematical formulas relate the Doppler shift to the velocity of the satellite.
| Where: | ||
|---|---|---|
| <math>f_d</math> | = | doppler corrected downlink frequency |
| <math>f_u</math> | = | doppler corrected uplink frequency |
| <math>f</math> | = | original frequency |
| <math>v</math> | = | velocity of the satellite relative to ground station in m/s. Positive when moving towards, negative when moving away. |
| <math>c</math> | = | the speed of light in a vacuum (<math>3\times10^8</math> m/s). |
| Change in frequency | Downlink Correction | Uplink Correction |
|---|---|---|
<math>\Delta f=f\times\frac{v}{c}</math> |
<math>f_d=f(1+\frac{v}{c})</math> |
<math>f_u=f(1-\frac{v}{c})</math>
|
Due to the complexity of finding the relative velocity of the satellite and the speed with which these corrections must be made, these calculations are normally accomplished using satellite tracking software. Many modern transceivers include a computer interface that allows for automatic doppler effect correction. Manual frequency-shift correction is possible, but it is difficult to remain precisely near the frequency. Frequency modulation is more tolerant of doppler shifts than single-sideband, and therefore FM is much easier to tune manually.
FM satellites
A number of low Earth orbit (LEO) OSCAR satellites use frequency modulation (FM).[6] These are also commonly referred to as "FM LEOs" or the "FM Birds". Such satellites act as FM amateur radio repeaters that can be communicated through using commonly available amateur radio equipment. Communication can be achieved with handheld transceivers using manual doppler correction.[7] Satellite passes are typically less than 15 minutes long.[8]
Launches
Past launches
The names of the satellites below are sorted in chronological order by launch date, ascending. The status column denotes the current operational status of the satellite. Green signifies that the satellite is currently operational, orange indicates that the satellite is partially operational or failing. Red indicates that the satellite is non operational and black indicates that the satellite has re-entered the Earth's atmosphere. The country listing denotes the country that constructed the satellite and not the launching country.
| Launches (past and current) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Status | Launched | Country |
| OSCAR (OSCAR 1) | Decayed | 1961-12-12 | Шаблон:Flag |
| OSCAR II (OSCAR 2) | Decayed | 1962-06-02 | Шаблон:Flag |
| OSCAR III (OSCAR 3, EGRS-3) | Non-Operational | 1965-03-09 | Шаблон:Flag |
| OSCAR IV (OSCAR 4) | Decayed | 1965-12-21 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Australis-OSCAR 5 (OSCAR 5, AO-5, AO-A) | Non-Operational | 1970-01-23 | Шаблон:Flag |
| AMSAT-OSCAR 6 (OSCAR 6, AO-6, AO-C, P2A) | Non-Operational | 1972-10-15 | Шаблон:Flag |
| AMSAT-OSCAR 7 (OSCAR 7, AO-7, AO-B, P2B) | Semi-Operational | 1974-11-15 | Шаблон:Flag |
| AMSAT-OSCAR 8 (OSCAR 8, AO-8, AO-D, P2D) | Non-Operational | 1978-03-05 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Radio Sputnik 1 (RadioSkaf-1, RS-1) | Non-Operational | 1978-10-26 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Radio Sputnik 2 (RadioSkaf-2, RS-2) | Non-Operational | 1978-10-26 | Шаблон:Flag |
| UoSat-OSCAR 9 (UOSAT 1, UO-9) | Decayed | 1981-10-06 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Radio Sputniks RS3 through RS8 | Non-Operational | 1981-12-17 | Шаблон:Flag |
| AMSAT-OSCAR 10 (Phase 3B, AO-10, P3B) | Non-Operational | 1983-06-16 | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
| UoSat-OSCAR 11 (UoSat-2, UO-11, UoSAT-B) | Semi-Operational | 1984-03-01 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Fuji-OSCAR 12 (JAS 1, FO-12) | Non-Operational | 1986-08-12 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Radio Sputnik 10/11 (RadioSkaf-10/11, RS-10/11, COSMOS 1861) | Non-Operational | 1987-06-23 | Шаблон:Flag |
| AMSAT-OSCAR 13 (Phase 3C, AO-13, P3C) | Decayed | 1988-06-15 | Шаблон:Flag |
| UOSAT-OSCAR 14 (UoSAT-3, UO-14 UoSAT-D) | Non-Operational | 1990-01-22 | Шаблон:Flag |
| UOSAT-OSCAR 15 (UoSAT-4, UO-15, UoSAT-E) | Non-Operational | 1990-01-22 | Шаблон:Flag |
| AMSAT-OSCAR 16 (Pacsat, AO-16, Microsat-1) | Semi-Operational | 1990-01-22 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Dove-OSCAR 17 (Dove, DO-17, Microsat-2) | Non-Operational | 1990-01-22 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Weber-OSCAR 18 (WeberSAT, WO-18, Microsat-3) | Non-Operational | 1990-01-22 | Шаблон:Flag |
| LUSAT-OSCAR 19 (LUSAT, LO-19, Microsat-4) | Non-Operational | 1990-01-22 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Fuji-OSCAR 20 (JAS 1B, FO-20, Fuji-1B) | Non-Operational | 1990-02-07 | Шаблон:Flag |
| AMSAT-OSCAR 21 (RS-14, AO-21, Informator-1) | Non-Operational | 1991-01-29 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Radio Sputnik 12/13 (RadioSkaf-12/13, RS-12/13, COSMOS 2123) | Non-Operational | 1991-02-05 | Шаблон:Flag |
| UoSat-OSCAR 22 (UOSAT 5, UO-22 UoSAT-F) | Non-Operational | 1991-07-17 | Шаблон:Flag |
| KitSAT-OSCAR 23 (KITSAT 1, KO-23, Uribyol-1) | Non-Operational | 1992-08-10 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Arsene-OSCAR 24 (Arsene, AO-24) | Non-Operational | 1993-05-12 | Шаблон:Flag |
| KitSAT-OSCAR 25 (KITSAT B, KO-25, Kitsat-2, Uribyol-2) | Non-Operational | 1993-09-26 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Italy-OSCAR 26 (ITAMSAT, IO-26) | Non-Operational | 1993-09-26 | Шаблон:Flag |
| AMRAD-OSCAR 27 (EYESAT-1, AO-27) | Non-Operational | 1993-09-26 | Шаблон:Flag |
| POSAT-OSCAR 28 (POSAT, PO-28, Posat-1) | Non-Operational | 1993-09-26 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Radio Sputnik 15 (RadioSkaf-15, RS-15, Radio-ROSTO) | Semi-Operational | 1994-12-26 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Fuji-OSCAR 29 (JAS 2, FO-29, Fuji-2) | Semi-Operational | 1996-08-17 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Mexico-OSCAR 30 (UNAMSAT-2, MO-30, Unamsat-B, Kosmos-2334) | Non-Operational | 1996-09-05 | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
| Sputnik 40 | Decayed | 1997-11-03 | Шаблон:Flag/Шаблон:Flag |
| Thai-Microsatellite-OSCAR 31 (TMSAT-1, TO-31) | Non-Operational | 1998-07-10 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Gurwin-OSCAR 32 Шаблон:Webarchive (GO-32, Gurwin-1b, Techsat-1b) | Non-Operational | 1998-07-10 | Шаблон:Flag |
| SEDSat-OSCAR 33 (SEDSat, SO-33, SEDsat-1) | Semi-Operational | 1998-10-24 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Pansat-OSCAR 34 (PAN SAT, PO-34) | Non-Operational | 1998-10-29 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Sputnik 41 | Decayed | 1997-11-03 | Шаблон:Flag/Шаблон:Flag |
| Sunsat-OSCAR 35 (SUNSAT, SO-35) | Non-Operational | 1999-02-23 | Шаблон:Flag |
| UoSat-OSCAR 36 (UOSAT 12, UO-36) | Non-Operational | 1999-04-21 | Шаблон:Flag |
| ASU-OSCAR 37 (AO-37, ASUsat-1, ASUSAT) | Non-Operational | 2000-01-27 | Шаблон:Flag |
| OPAL-OSCAR 38 (OO-38, StenSat, OPAL) | Non-Operational | 2000-01-27 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Weber-OSCAR 39 (WO-39, JAWSAT) | Non-Operational | 2000-01-27 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Saudi-OSCAR 41 (SO-41, Saudisat 1A) | Non-Operational | 2000-09-26 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Saudi-OSCAR 42 (SO-42, Saudisat 1B) | Non-Operational | 2000-09-26 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Malaysian-OSCAR 46 (MO-46, TIUNGSAT-1) | Non-Operational | 2000-09-26 | Шаблон:Flag |
| AMSAT-OSCAR 40 (AO-40, Phase 3D, P3D) | Non-Operational | 2000-11-16 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Starshine-OSCAR 43 (SO-43, Starshine 3) | Decayed | 2001-09-30 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Navy-OSCAR 44 (NO-44, PCSat) | Semi-Operational | 2001-09-30 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Navy-OSCAR 45 (NO-45, Sapphire) | Non-Operational | 2001-09-30 | Шаблон:Flag |
| BreizhSAT-OSCAR 47 (BO-47, IDEFIX CU1) | Non-Operational | 2002-05-04 | Шаблон:Flag |
| BreizhSAT-OSCAR 48 (BO-48, IDEFIX CU2) | Non-Operational | 2002-05-04 | Шаблон:Flag |
| AATiS-OSCAR 49 (AO-49, Safir-M, RUBIN 2) | Non-Operational | 2002-12-20 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Saudi-OSCAR 50 (SO-50, Saudisat-1C) | Operational | 2002-12-20 | Шаблон:Flag |
| CubeSat-OSCAR 55 Шаблон:Webarchive (Cute-1) | Operational | 2003-06-30 | Шаблон:Flag |
| CubeSat-OSCAR 57 (CubeSat-XI-IV) | Operational | 2003-06-30 | Шаблон:Flag |
| CanX-1 | Non-Operational | 2003-06-30 | Шаблон:Flag |
| DTUSat | Decayed | 2003-06-30 | Шаблон:Flag |
| AAU Cubesat | Non-Operational | 2003-06-30 | Шаблон:Flag |
| RS-22 Шаблон:Webarchive (Mozhayets 4) | Operational | 2003-09-27 | Шаблон:Flag |
| AMSAT-OSCAR 51 (Echo, AO-51) | Non-Operational | 2004-06-28 | Шаблон:Flag |
| VUSat-OSCAR 52 (HAMSAT, VO-52, VUSat) | Non-Operational [9] | 2005-05-05 | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
| PCSat2 (PCSAT2) | Decayed | 2005-08-03 | Шаблон:Flag |
| AMSAT-OSCAR 54 (AO-54, SuitSat, Radioskaf) | Decayed | 2005-09-08 | International |
| eXpress-OSCAR 53 (XO-53, SSETI Express) | Non-Operational | 2005-10-27 | European Space Agency |
| CubeSat-OSCAR 58 (CO-58, Cubesat XI-V) | Non-Operational | 2005-10-27 | Шаблон:Flag |
| UWE-1 | Non-Operational | 2005-10-27 | Шаблон:Flag |
| NCube-2 | Deployment failure | 2005-10-27 | Шаблон:Flag |
| CubeSat-OSCAR 56 (CO-56, Cute-1.7) | Non-Operational | 2006-02-21 | Шаблон:Flag |
| K7RR-Sat | Launch Failure | 2006-07-26 | Шаблон:Flag |
| CP2 | Launch Failure | 2006-07-26 | Шаблон:Flag |
| HAUSAT 1 | Launch Failure | 2006-07-26 | Шаблон:Flag |
| ICE Cube 1 | Launch Failure | 2006-07-26 | Шаблон:Flag |
| ICE Cube 2 | Launch Failure | 2006-07-26 | Шаблон:Flag |
| ION | Launch Failure | 2006-07-26 | Шаблон:Flag |
| KUTESat | Launch Failure | 2006-07-26 | Шаблон:Flag |
| MEROPE | Launch Failure | 2006-07-26 | Шаблон:Flag |
| nCUBE 1 | Launch Failure | 2006-07-26 | Шаблон:Flag |
| RINCON | Launch Failure | 2006-07-26 | Шаблон:Flag |
| SACRED | Launch Failure | 2006-07-26 | Шаблон:Flag |
| SEEDS | Launch Failure | 2006-07-26 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Voyager (Mea Huaka'i) | Launch Failure | 2006-07-26 | Шаблон:Flag |
| PicPot | Launch Failure | 2006-07-26 | Шаблон:Flag |
| HITSat-OSCAR 59 (HITSat, HO-59) | Decayed | 2006-09-22 | Шаблон:Flag |
| GeneSat-1 Шаблон:Webarchive | Decayed | 2006-12-16 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Navy-OSCAR 60 (RAFT, NO-60) | Decayed | 2006-12-21 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Navy-OSCAR 61 (ANDE, NO-61) | Decayed | 2006-12-21 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Navy-OSCAR 62 (FCAL, NO-62) | Decayed | 2006-12-21 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Libertad-1 | Non-Operational | 2007-04-17 | Шаблон:Flag |
| CAPE-1 | Semi-Operational | 2007-04-17 | Шаблон:Flag |
| CP3 | Non-Operational | 2007-04-17 | Шаблон:Flag |
| CP4 | Non-Operational | 2007-04-17 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Pehuensat-OSCAR 63 (PEHUENSAT-1, PO-63) | Decayed | 2007-10-01 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Delfi-OSCAR 64 (Delfi-C3, DO-64) | Decayed | 2008-04-28 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Cubesat-OSCAR 65 (Cute-1.7+APD II, CO-65) | Operational | 2008-04-28 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Cubesat-OSCAR 66 (SEED II, CO-66) | Operational | 2008-04-28 | Шаблон:Flag |
| COMPASS-1 | Semi-Operational | 2008-04-28 | Шаблон:Flag |
| RS-30 Шаблон:Webarchive(Yubileiny) | Operational | 2008-05-23 | Шаблон:Flag |
| PRISM Шаблон:Webarchive(HITOMI) | Operational | 2009-01-23 | Шаблон:Flag |
| KKS-1 Шаблон:Webarchive(KISEKI) | Operational | 2009-01-23 | Шаблон:Flag |
| STARS (KUKAI) | Unknown | 2009-01-23 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Aggiesat2 | Decayed | 2009-07-30 | Шаблон:Flag |
| PARADIGM (BEVO-1) | Decayed | 2009-07-30 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Sumbandila-OSCAR 67 (SumbandilaSat, SO-67) | Decayed | 2009-09-17 | Шаблон:Flag |
| SwissCube | Operational | 2009-09-23 | Шаблон:Flag |
| ITUpSAT1 | Operational | 2009-09-23 | Шаблон:Flag |
| UWE-2 | Operational | 2009-09-23 | Шаблон:Flag |
| BEESAT | Operational | 2009-09-23 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Hope Oscar 68 Шаблон:Webarchive (XW-1, HO-68) | Beacon-Operational | 2009-12-15 | Шаблон:Flag |
| AubieSat-1 Шаблон:Webarchive (AO-71) | Non-Operational | 2011-10-28 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Masat-1 (MO-72) | Decayed | 2012-02-13 | Шаблон:Flag |
| ESTCube-1 | Non-Operational | 2013-05-07 | Шаблон:Flag |
| FUNcube-1 (AO-73) [1] | Operational | 2013-11-21 | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
| CubeBug-2 (LUSAT-OSCAR 74) | Operational | 2013-11-21 | Шаблон:Flag |
| CAPE 2 | Decayed | 2013-11-20 | Шаблон:Flag |
| $50SAT | Non-Operational | 2013-11-21 | Шаблон:Flag |
| INVADER | Decayed | 2014-02-27 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Lituanica SAT-1 | Decayed | 2014-02-27 | Шаблон:Flag |
| QB50P1 | Operational | 2014-07-19 | Шаблон:Flag |
| QB50P2 | Semi-Operational | 2014-07-19 | Шаблон:Flag |
| ARTSAT2-DESPATCH | Non-Operational | 2014-12-03 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Shin’en-2 | Operational | 2014-12-03 | Шаблон:Flag |
| BRICSat-P (OSCAR 83) | Decayed | 2015-05-20 | Шаблон:Flag |
| ParkinsonSAT (OSCAR 84) | Decayed | 2015-05-20 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Fox-1A (OSCAR 85) | Operational | 2015-10-08 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Lapan-A2 | Operational | 2015-09-28 | Шаблон:Flag |
| ÑuSat-1 (LUSEX OSCAR 87) | Decayed | 2016-05-30 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Nayif 1 | Decayed | 2017-02-15 | Шаблон:Flag |
| ITF 2 | Decayed | 2016-12-09 | Шаблон:Flag |
| LilacSat-1 | Decayed | 2017-04-18 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Fox-1B (OSCAR 91) | Operational | 2017-11-18 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Fox-1D (OSCAR 92) | Semi-Operational[10] | 2017-01-12 | Шаблон:Flag |
| DSLWP-A (OSCAR 93, LO-93) | Non-Operational | 2018-05-20 | Шаблон:Flag |
| DSLWP-B (OSCAR 94, LO-94) | Operational | 2018-05-20 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Fox-1Cliff (OSCAR 95, AO-95) | Operational | 2018-12-03 | Шаблон:Flag |
| ExseedSat-1 (VUsat-OSCAR 96, VO-96) | Operational | 2018-12-03 | Шаблон:Flag |
| JY1Sat (Jordan-OSCAR 97, JO-97) | Operational | 2018-12-03 | Шаблон:Flag |
| OrigamiSat (Fuji-OSCAR 98, FO-98) | Decayed | 2019-01-18 | Шаблон:Flag |
| NEXUS (Fuji-OSCAR 99, FO-99) | Decayed | 2019-01-18 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Es'hail 2 (Qatar-OSCAR 100, QO-100) | Operational | 2018-11-15 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Diwata-2 (Philippines-OSCAR 101, PO-101) | Operational | 2018-10-29 | Шаблон:Flag |
| CAS-7B (BIT Progress-OSCAR 102, BO-102) | Decayed | 2019-07-25 | Шаблон:Flag |
| BricSat-2 (Navy-OSCAR 103, NO-103) | Decayed | 2019-06-25 | Шаблон:Flag |
| PSAT-2 (Navy-OSCAR 104, NO-104) | Decayed | 2019-06-25 | Шаблон:Flag |
| SMOG-P (Magyar-OSCAR 105, MO-105) | Decayed | 2019-12-06 | Шаблон:Flag |
| ATL-1 (Magyar-OSCAR 106, MO-106) | Decayed | 2019-12-06 | Шаблон:Flag |
| SMOG-1 (Magyar-OSCAR 110, MO-110) | Operational | 2021-03-22 | Шаблон:Flag |
| DIY-1 (DIY-OSCAR 111, DO-111) | Decayed | 2021-03-22 | Шаблон:Flag |
| MIR-Sat 1 (MIRSAT-OSCAR 112, MO-112) | Decayed | 2021-06-03 | Шаблон:Flag |
| CAMSAT XW-3 (HO-OSCAR 113, HO-113) | Operational | 2021-12-26 | Шаблон:Flag |
| EASAT-2 (Spain-OSCAR 114, SO-114) | Operational | 2022-01-13 | Шаблон:Flag |
| HADES (Spain-OSCAR 115, SO-115) | Operational | 2022-01-13 | Шаблон:Flag |
| SanoSat-1 (Nepal-OSCAR 116, NO-116) | Operational | 2022-01-13 | Шаблон:Flag |
| GreenCube (Italy-OSCAR 117, IO-117) | Operational | 2022-07-13 | Шаблон:Flag |
| Fengtai Shaonian 2 (CAS-5A, Fengtai-OSCAR 118, FO-118) | Operational | 2022-12-09 | Шаблон:Flag |
| XiWang-4 (Hope-OSCAR 119, HO-119) | Operational | 2022-11-12 | Шаблон:Flag |
In development
- KiwiSAT - A microsatellite built by AMSAT-ZL. Flight-ready, but no launch provider found yet.[11]
Facts
Multinational effort
Currently, 30 countries have launched an OSCAR satellite. These countries, in chronological order by date of launch, include: Шаблон:Div col
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Related names
SuitSat, an obsolete Russian space suit with a transmitter aboard, was officially known as "AMSAT-OSCAR 54". Coincidentally, "Oscar" was the name given to an obsolete space suit by its young owner in the 1958 novel Have Space Suit—Will Travel, by Robert A. Heinlein. This book was first published a year after the launch of Sputnik 1, the world's first artificial satellite.
International regulation
Amateur-satellite service (also: amateur-satellite radiocommunication service) is – according to Article 1.57 of the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR)[12] – defined as «A radiocommunication service using space stations on earth satellites for the same purposes as those of the amateur service.»
Classification
This radiocommunication service is classified in accordance with ITU Radio Regulations (article 1) as follows:
Radiocommunication service (article 1.19)
- Amateur service (article 1.56)
- Amateur-satellite service (article 1.57)
Frequency allocation
The allocation of radio frequencies is provided according to Article 5 of the ITU Radio Regulations (edition 2012).[13]
In order to improve harmonisation in spectrum utilisation, the majority of service-allocations stipulated in this document were incorporated in national Tables of Frequency Allocations and Utilisations which is within the responsibility of the appropriate national administration. The allocation might be primary, secondary, exclusive, and shared.
- primary allocation: is indicated by writing in capital letters (see example below)
- secondary allocation: is indicated by small letters (see example below)
- exclusive or shared utilization: is within the responsibility of national administrations
- Example of frequency allocation
| Allocation to services | ||
| Region 1 | Region 2 | Region 3 |
135.7–137.8 kHz
|
135.7–137.8
|
135.7–137.8
|
7 000–7 100 AMATEUR
| ||
14 000–14 250 AMATEUR
| ||
18 068–18 168 AMATEUR
| ||
21 000–21 450 AMATEUR
| ||
24 890–24 990 AMATEUR
| ||
28–29.7 MHz AMATEUR
| ||
144–146 AMATEUR
| ||
5 830–5 850
|
5 830–5 850
| |
10.5–10.6 GHz AMATEUR
| ||
24–24.05 AMATEUR
| ||
47–47.2 AMATEUR
| ||
76–77.5 RADIO ASTRONOMY
| ||
77.5–78 AMATEUR
| ||
78–79 RADIOLOCATION
| ||
79–81 RADIOLOCATION
| ||
134–136 AMATEUR
| ||
136–141 RADIO ASTRONOMY
| ||
241–248 RADIO ASTRONOMY
| ||
248–250 AMATEUR
| ||
Additional allocations
In addition to the formal allocations in the main table such as above, there is also a key ITU-R footnote RR 5.282 that provides for additional allocations:-
- 5.282 In the bands 435-438 MHz, 1 260-1 270 MHz, 2 400-2 450 MHz, 3 400-3 410 MHz (in Regions 2 and 3 only)
- and 5 650-5 670 MHz, the amateur-satellite service may operate subject to not causing harmful interference to other
- services operating in accordance with the Table (see No. 5.43). Administrations authorizing such use shall ensure that
- any harmful interference caused by emissions from a station in the amateur-satellite service is immediately eliminated
- in accordance with the provisions of No. 25.11. The use of the bands 1 260-1 270 MHz and 5 650-5 670 MHz by the
- amateur-satellite service is limited to the Earth-to-space direction.
Of these, the 435-438 MHz band is particularly popular for amateur/educational small satellites such as Cubesats.
References
- Martin Davidoff: The Radio Amateur's Satellite Handbook. The American Radio Relay League, Newington, Шаблон:ISBN.
Notes
External links
- AMSAT Corporation - a nonprofit corporation that coordinates construction and launch of amateur radio satellites
- Project OSCAR Шаблон:Webarchive - club commemorating the original Project OSCAR group
- Work-Sat - Private site with instructions for using amateur radio satellites
Шаблон:Portal bar Шаблон:Amateur radio topics Шаблон:Satcomm Шаблон:Telecommunications Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.57, definition: amateur-satellite service / amateur-satellite radiocommunication service
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Standard Radar Frequency Letter-Band Nomenclature (IEEE Standard 521-1984, IEEE Std 521-2002(R2009))
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.57, definition: amateur-satellite service / amateur-satellite radiocommunication service
- ↑ ITU Radio Regulations, CHAPTER II – Frequencies, ARTICLE 5 Frequency allocations, Section IV – Table of Frequency Allocations
