Английская Википедия:April 1963

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Events by month Шаблон:Calendar The following events occurred in April 1963:

Файл:Lester B. Pearson with a pencil.jpg
April 22, 1963: Lester Pearson becomes new Prime Minister of Canada
Файл:John G. Diefenbaker.jpg
Former P.M. John Diefenbaker out
Файл:Lascaux painting.jpg
April 20, 1963: Lascaux closed after 17,000 years

April 1, 1963 (Monday)

April 2, 1963 (Tuesday)

April 3, 1963 (Wednesday)

April 4, 1963 (Thursday)

  • All 67 people on board Aeroflot Flight 25 were killed, one hour after the Ilyushin-18 plane had taken off from Moscow's Sheremetyevo Airport, bound for Krasnoyarsk.[12]
  • Network Ten, the third television network in Australia, began with the granting of a corporate operating license to United Telecasters Sydney Limited.[13] Broadcasting would begin on ATV-0 in Melbourne on April 1, 1964, and on Channel Ten in Sydney on April 5, 1965.
  • The cost of making a long-distance telephone call was lowered throughout the continental United States, with a maximum charge of one dollar for three-minute "station-to-station" calls made between 9:00 pm and 4:30 a.m.[14] The equivalent 50 years later for a 1963 dollar would be $7.50[15]
  • The Henry Miller novel Tropic of Cancer went on sale legally in the United Kingdom for the first time, after having been banned for thirty years because it had been deemed obscene.[16]
  • The Beatles performed at Stowe School in Buckinghamshire, UK, for a fee of £100, having accepted a personal request from schoolboy David Moores, a fellow Liverpudlian (and later chairman of Liverpool F.C.).[17]
  • Died:

April 5, 1963 (Friday)

Файл:Jimmy Carter Library and Museum 99.JPG
"The Hotline"

April 6, 1963 (Saturday)

  • The South African Soccer League, formed in 1961, was banned from further use of public stadiums because its teams included white, black and mixed race players, in violation of the Group Areas Act, and a game at Alberton, a suburb of Johannesburg, was cancelled on the day of the match. Fans climbed the fence surrounding the locked Natalspruit Indian Sports ground and 15,000 people watched the Moroka Swallows defeat Blackpool United, 6–1. Afterwards, the SASL was permanently denied access to playing fields, and disbanded in 1967 after years of financial losses.[24]
  • Boots Randolph, better-known as an accompanist for many performers in rock, pop, and country music, had his only U.S. hit, reaching no 1 on the Billboard chart with "Yakety Sax".
  • The Germany national rugby union team played a friendly international against a France XV at Frankfurt, losing 9-15.
  • Born:
  • Died:

April 7, 1963 (Sunday)

April 8, 1963 (Monday)

April 9, 1963 (Tuesday)

Файл:Sir Winston Churchill - 19086236948.jpg
New U.S. citizen Churchill
  • Sir Winston Churchill, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, became the first person to be made an honorary citizen of the United States by act of the U.S. Congress. President Kennedy signed the legislation for the 88-year-old statesman, whose mother Jennie Jerome Churchill, had been a United States native.[33] The House of Representatives had approved the legislation on March 12 by a 377–21 vote, and the U.S. Senate approved on April 2 by voice vote.[34] Churchill was unable to travel from the U.K. to the U.S., and his son, Randolph Churchill, accepted in his place in ceremonies that were televised.[35]
  • Langley Research Center personnel provided assistance to NASA for the Mercury 9 tethered balloon experiment at Cape Canaveral, installing force measuring beams, soldered at four terminals, to which the lead wires were fastened.[22]
  • Despite his party's loss in the elections for the House of Commons, Canada's Prime Minister Diefenbaker said that he would not resign until the new Parliament was called into session.[36]

April 10, 1963 (Wednesday)

  • The owners and passengers of the yacht Cythera became the first modern victims of piracy (under Australian law) when their boat was stolen by two crew members. The yacht was salvaged over a month later, and the incident would result in various legal complications, including prosecution of the pirates under an act of 1858.[37]
  • Frol Kozlov, the 54-year-old Second Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party and Deputy Prime Minister, considered the likely successor to Nikita Khrushchev, had a stroke and was forced to retire. Kozlov would die on January 30, 1965.[38]
Файл:USS Thresher;0859306.jpg
USS Thresher

April 11, 1963 (Thursday)

  • Pope John XXIII issued his final encyclical, Pacem in terris, entitled On Establishing Universal Peace in Truth, Justice, Charity and Liberty,[43] the first papal encyclical addressed to "all men of good will", rather than to Roman Catholics only.
  • Mohamed Khemisti, the 33-year-old Minister of Foreign Affairs of Algeria, was mortally wounded by a gunman who shot him outside the National Assembly.[44]
  • Buddy Rogers became the first WWF Champion, defeating Antonino Rocca at the finals of the first World Wrestling Federation tournament, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.[45]
  • The U.S. Chief of Naval Operations went before the press corps at the Pentagon to announce that the nuclear submarine USS Thresher had been lost with all hands.
  • Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., John D. Hodge, and William L. Davidson of Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC)'s Flight Operations Division met at Langley with a large contingent of that Center's research staff to discuss LaRC's proposed Manned Orbital Research Laboratory (MORL). Langley spokesmen briefed their Houston visitors on the philosophy and proposed program phases leading to an operational MORL. Kraft and his colleagues then emphasized the need for careful study of operational problems involved with the MORL, as well as those associated with the smaller crew ferry and logistics supply vehicles. Specifically, they cited crew selection and training requirements, the need for a continuous recovery capability, communications requirements, and handling procedures for scientific data.[46]
  • Born:

April 12, 1963 (Friday)

April 13, 1963 (Saturday)

April 14, 1963 (Sunday)

April 15, 1963 (Monday)

  • Seventy thousand marchers arrived in London from Aldermaston, to demonstrate against nuclear weapons. The breakaway group Spies for Peace set up a picket at RSG-6.
  • A White House press release announced that First Lady Jackie Kennedy was pregnant and that her baby would be delivered by Caesarean section in September. Mrs. Kennedy, who had a history of miscarriages, had delayed announcement of her pregnancy. She had been delivered of stillborn children in 1955 and 1956, and had two living children, Caroline (b. 1957) and John Jr. (b. 1960).[52] The child, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, would be born prematurely on August 7, and would survive for only two days.
  • The Manned Spacecraft Center published a detailed flight plan for May's Mercury 9 mission. Due to the extended duration of the flight, an 8-hour sleep period was scheduled with a 2-hour option for when the astronaut would begin his rest period. In addition to the general guidelines, the astronaut had a minute-to-minute schedule of tasks to accomplish.[22]
  • British driver Innes Ireland won the 1963 Glover Trophy motor race, held at Goodwood Circuit.
  • British driver Jim Clark won the 1963 Pau Grand Prix motor race, held at Pau Circuit.
  • An unidentified 58-year-old man, with lung cancer, was admitted to the University of Mississippi hospital. On June 11, 1963, he would become the first person to receive a lung transplant.[53]
  • Died: "Colossus", the largest snake ever kept in captivity, at the Highland Park Zoo in Pittsburgh. A reticulated Python, she measured 28 1⁄2 feet long (8.68 meters) and at one time weighed 320 pounds (145 kg).[54][55]

April 16, 1963 (Tuesday)

April 17, 1963 (Wednesday)

  • Grigori Nelyubov, Ivan Anikeyev and Valentin Filatyev were all dismissed from the USSR's cosmonaut corps, after their March 27 arrest for drunk and disorderly conduct.
  • Representatives of Egypt, Syria and Iraq signed a declaration in Cairo to merge their three nations into a new United Arab Republic. Egypt and Syria had been merged as the United Arab Republic from 1958 to 1961 before Syria withdrew, and Egypt and retained the UAR name.[57] Demonstrations followed in Jordan, where citizens of the Kingdom wanted to join the federation, which was never ratified.[58]
  • NFL players Paul Hornung of the Green Bay Packers and Alex Karras of the Detroit Lions were ordered suspended indefinitely by Commissioner Pete Rozelle for betting on league games. Five other Lions players (John Gordy, Gary Lowe, Joe Schmidt, Wayne Walker and Sam Williams) were fined $2,000 each for betting on the Packers to win the 1962 NFL Championship Game.[59] Hornung and Karras would be reinstated by Rozelle eleven months later after being barred from playing during the 1963 NFL season.[60]

April 18, 1963 (Thursday)

April 19, 1963 (Friday)

  • Under pressure from the United States, South Korea's President Park Chung Hee returned to his pledge to return to civilian rule, and announced that multiparty elections for the presidency and the National Assembly would take place before the end of the year. Park had promised a return to democracy in 1963 when he had taken power in a coup on August 12, 1961, but on March 16, 1963, proposed to extend military rule for another four years. The voting (in which Park would be elected president) would be held on October 15.[64]
  • A new dam was inaugurated on the Chubut River Шаблон:Convert west of Trelew, Argentina, removing the risk of flooding in the Lower Chubut Valley.

April 20, 1963 (Saturday)

  • The caves at Lascaux were closed to the general public after fifteen years, in order to protect cave paintings dating from more than 17,000 years ago. The paintings had been rediscovered on September 12, 1940, in the caverns in southwestern France. After the complex was opened to the public in 1948, the works began to erode from carbonic acid produced by the exhalations of the visitors. The Department of Dordogne would create a replica of the paintings in another cave hall, opened as "Lascaux II" in 1983.[65]
  • The final water condensate tank was installed in Mercury spacecraft 20 for the Mercury 9 mission. The system had a Шаблон:Convert, built-in tank, a Шаблон:Convert auxiliary tank located under the couch head, and six Шаблон:Convert auxiliary plastic containers. The total capacity for condensate water storage was Шаблон:Convert. In operation, the astronaut hand-pumped the fluid to the 3.6-pound tank to avoid spilling moisture inside the cabin during weightlessness.[22]
  • In Montreal, the terrorist campaign of the Front de libération du Québec claimed its first fatality. William Vincent O'Neill, a 65-year-old night watchman and janitor, died in the explosion of a bomb at a Canadian Army recruitment center. O'Neill, who was planning to retire at the end of May, had been scheduled to start his shift at midnight, but had arrived at 11:30 to allow a co-worker to go home, and was killed when the bomb exploded at 11:45 pm.[66][67]
  • The 1963 Pan American Games opened in São Paulo, Brazil.
  • Italy created its first space agency, the Istituto Nazionale per le Richerche Spaziali (IRS) (National Institute for Space Research).[68]
  • Died: Julián Grimau, 41, Spanish Communist leader, was executed by a firing squad despite pleas to Spanish dictator Francisco Franco for clemency.[69][70][71]

April 21, 1963 (Sunday)

April 22, 1963 (Monday)

  • Lester Bowles Pearson became the 14th Prime Minister of Canada. The oath was administered by Governor-General Georges Vanier in Ottawa at Vanier's office, where Pearson presented the names of his 25-member cabinet.[76]
  • Robert Taschereau took office as the 11th Chief Justice of Canada, replacing Patrick Kerwin, who had died on February 2.[77]
  • Cuba released its last American prisoners, 27 men who had been incarcerated by the Castro government. Twenty-one were flown from Havana to Miami after New York lawyer James Donovan had negotiated their freedom. Another six elected to go to other nations rather than returning to the U.S.[78]
  • President Kennedy started the one-year countdown for the opening of the 1964 New York World's Fair by keying "1964" on a touch-tone telephone in the Oval Office, starting "a contraption which will count off the seconds until the opening". Kennedy then spoke over the line to a crowd of about 1,000 people at Flushing Meadow Park, and said "Three hundred sixty-six days from today, I plan to attend your opening".[79] President Kennedy would be killed, however, exactly five months before the Fair's opening on April 22, 1964.
  • Mercury spacecraft No. 20 was moved from Hangar S at Cape Canaveral to Complex 14 and mated to Atlas launch vehicle 130-D in preparation for the Mercury 9 mission. The first simulated flight test was begun immediately.[22] Afterward, a prelaunch electrical mate and abort test and a joint flight compatibility test were made.[22]
  • Bendix Corporation completed the design and fabrication of an air lock for the Mercury spacecraft. This component was designed to collect micrometeorites during orbital flight. The air lock could accommodate a variety of experiments, such as ejecting objects into space and into reentry trajectories, and exposing objects to a space environment for observation and retrieval for later study. Because of the modular construction, the air lock could be adapted to the Gemini and Apollo spacecraft.[22]
  • Representatives of the USAF Space Systems Division, the Manned Spacecraft Center, and Lockheed Corporation met in Sunnyvale, California, for the first management review of the Gemini Agena target vehicle (GATV).[3]

April 23, 1963 (Tuesday)

  • Ludwig Erhard was chosen as the successor for retiring West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, despite Adenauer's recommendations that the Christian Democratic Party and the Christian Socialist Union Bundestag members choose another person. Erhard, who had been the nation's Economic Minister since 1950, was approved by a vote of 159 to 47.[80]*The Ukrainian football club FC Karpaty Lviv played its first official match, defeating Lokomotiv Gomel 1–0.
  • Died: Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, 78, second and longest-serving (1952—63) President of Israel. Speaker Kadish Luz became acting president until Zalman Shazar was selected by the Knesset.

April 24, 1963 (Wednesday)

April 25, 1963 (Thursday)

April 26, 1963 (Friday)

April 27, 1963 (Saturday)

  • The U.S. Marine Corps lost its first aircraft to enemy action in Vietnam, when Viet Cong ground fire shot down a UH-34D transport helicopter near Do Xa, South Vietnam.
  • Bob Hayes became the first person to run the 100-meter dash in less than ten seconds, in 9.9 seconds at a meet in Los Angeles. However, the accomplishment could not be recognized as a world record because the wind was faster than 5 meters per second (18 km/h or 11.2 mph); the barrier would be broken on October 14, 1968, by Jim Hines at 9.95 seconds.[87]
  • Final design review of complex 14 modifications and activation of facilities was held under the aegis of the USAF Space Systems Division (SSD) in Los Angeles, to begin January 1, 1964, with an estimated 10 months required to prepare complex 14 for Project Gemini Atlas-Agena launches.[3]
  • Born: Russell T Davies, Welsh television producer and screenwriter; in Swansea

April 28, 1963 (Sunday)

April 29, 1963 (Monday)

  • Andrew Loog Oldham, 19, signed a contract with The Rolling Stones, becoming their manager. Oldham had seen the band in concert the previous day at the Crawdaddy Club in London.
  • NASA Headquarters approved rescheduling of the Gemini flight program due to late delivery of the spacecraft systems. In the revised program, Gemini 1 was still set for December 1963 as an uncrewed mission but would be orbital rather than suborbital to flight-qualify the Titan II GLV subsystems and demonstrate the compatibility of the launch vehicle and spacecraft. Gemini 2, originally a crewed orbital flight, was set for July 1964 as an uncrewed suborbital flight to test spacecraft reentry under maximum heating-rate reentry conditions. Gemini 3, formerly planned as an orbital rendezvous mission, became the first crewed flight, a short-duration (probably three-orbit) systems evaluation flight scheduled for October 1964. Subsequent flights were to follow at three-month intervals, ending in January 1967. Gemini 4 would be a seven-day mission using a rendezvous pod. Gemini 6 was to be a 14-day long-duration mission with rendezvous with the Agena D target vehicle. Water landing by parachute was planned for the first six flights and land landing by paraglider from flight 7 on.[3]
  • Five Latin American nations— Mexico, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile and Ecuador— announced their agreement to a proposal by Mexican President Adolfo López Mateos to prohibit the placement of nuclear weapons in their territory.[89]

April 30, 1963 (Tuesday)

  • New Hampshire became the first of the United States to legalize a state lottery in the 20th century. The first drawing in the New Hampshire Sweepstakes would take place on March 12, 1964.[90]
Файл:Gordon Cooper posing in suit.jpg
Gordon Cooper wearing Mercury spacesuit in February 1963
  • NASA announced a number of improvements to the Mercury pressure suit for the upcoming Mercury 9 flight. These included a mechanical seal for the helmet, new gloves with an improved inner-liner and link netting between the inner and outer fabrics at the wrist, and an increased mobility torso section. The boots were integrated with the suit to provide additional comfort for the longer mission, to reduce weight, and to provide an easier and shorter donning time. Another change relocated the life vest from the center of the chest to a pocket on the lower left leg. This modification removed the bulkiness from the front of the suit and provided for more comfort during the flight.[22]
  • After U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara implied that the U.S. Air Force would take over Project Gemini, NASA Associate Administrator Robert C. Seamans, Jr. stressed that although the U.S. Department of Defense had a vital role in Gemini management and operations, NASA had the final and overall responsibility for program success.[3]
  • Born: Michael Waltrip, American race car driver, winner of Daytona 500 in 2001 and 2003; in Owensboro, Kentucky[91]

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Events by month links

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ imdb.com entry
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 Шаблон:Source attribution Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Dead link
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  10. ↑ Roger S. Powers, Protest, Power, and Change: An Encyclopedia of Nonviolent Action from ACT-UP to Women's Suffrage (Taylor & Francis, 2012) p45
  11. ↑ "Flogging Sentences Upheld In Delaware"Шаблон:Dead link, Miami News, April 3, 1963, p1
  12. ↑ AviationSafety.net
  13. ↑ AWA Group gets TV licence Daily Mirror 5 April 1963 page 1
  14. ↑ "$1 Distance Telephone Calls Start", Miami News, April 6, 1963, p1
  15. ↑ USinflationcalculator.com
  16. ↑ "'Tropic of Cancer' on Sale in Britain", Miami News, April 5, 1963, p3A
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite dictionary
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 22,2 22,3 22,4 22,5 22,6 22,7 Шаблон:Source attribution Шаблон:Cite book
  23. ↑ "Headless Body of Ex-Skier Found", Miami News, April 6, 1963, p1; "Blonde Ski Star Was Tortrued Before Killing", Miami News, April 7, 1963, p1
  24. ↑ David Goldblatt, The Ball is Round: A Global History of Soccer (Penguin, 2008)
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  27. ↑ "72 Africans Die In Crash of Bus", UPI report in Shreveport (LA) Times, April 9, 1963, p. 4
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  31. ↑ "Liberals Win Elections But Don't Get Majority", Montreal Gazette, April 9, 1963, p1
  32. ↑ "Lawrence, Bancroft And Peck Capture Top Academy Awards", Montreal Gazette, April 9, 1963, p1
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Source attribution Шаблон:Cite book
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  50. ↑ ESPN.go.com
  51. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  52. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  53. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  54. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  55. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  56. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  57. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  58. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  59. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  60. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  61. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  62. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  63. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  64. ↑ Jinwung Kim, A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict (Indiana University Press, 2012) p435
  65. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  66. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  67. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  68. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  69. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  70. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  71. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  72. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  73. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  74. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  75. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  76. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  77. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  78. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  79. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  80. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  81. ↑ "Celtics Win 5th Diadem", Arizona Republic (Phoenix), April 25, 1963, p81
  82. ↑ Kenneth K. Mwenda, Public International Law and the Regulation of Diplomatic Immunity in the Fight Against Corruption (Pretoria Law University Press, 2011) p129
  83. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  84. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  85. ↑ Thomas Risse-Kappen, Cooperation Among Democracies: The European Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy (Princeton University Press, 1997) p175
  86. ↑ Dinshaw Mistry, Containing Missile Proliferation: Strategic Technology, Security Regimes, and International Cooperation in Arms Control (University of Washington Press, 2005) p111
  87. ↑ Шаблон:Cite dictionary
  88. ↑ Italian interior ministry, Historical Archive of Elections (in Italian)
  89. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  90. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  91. ↑ Coca-Cola Racing Family.com
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