Английская Википедия:Asclepias tuberosa

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Asclepias tuberosa, commonly known as butterfly weed, is a species of milkweed native to eastern and southwestern North America. It is commonly known as butterfly weed because of the butterflies that are attracted to the plant by its color and its copious production of nectar.

Description

It is a perennial plant growing to Шаблон:Convert tall. The leaves are spirally arranged, lanceolate, Шаблон:Convert long, and Шаблон:Convert broad.

From April to September, in the upper axils, Шаблон:Convert–wide umbels of orange, yellow or red flowers Шаблон:Convert wide appear. They each have five petals and five sepals. It is uncertain if reddish flowers are due to soil mineral content, ecotype genetic differentiation, or both. A cultivar named 'Hello Yellow' typically has more yellowish flowers than ordinary examples of this plant.

The fruit pod is Шаблон:Convert long, containing many long-haired seeds.

Similar species

The plant looks similar to the lanceolate milkweed (Asclepias lanceolata), but is uniquely identified by the larger number of flowers, and the hairy stems that are not milky when broken. It is most commonly found in fields with dry soil.

Taxonomy

Subspecies

• Asclepias tuberosa subsp. interior – (Central United States, Ontario and Quebec)
• Asclepias tuberosa subsp. rolfsii – Rolfs milkweed (Southeastern United States)
• Asclepias tuberosa subsp. tuberosa – (Eastern United States)

Common names

Common names include butterfly weed, Canada root, chieger flower, chiggerflower, fluxroot, Indian paintbrush, Indian posy, orange milkweed, orange root, orange Swallow-wort, pleurisy root, silky swallow-wort, tuber root, yellow milkweed, white-root, windroot, butterfly love, butterflyweed, and butterfly milkweed.

Distribution and habitat

The species can be found from South Dakota south to Texas and Mexico, west to Utah and Arizona, as well as many other areas further east.

This plant favors dry, sand or gravel soil, but has also been reported on stream margins. It requires full sun.

Ecology

Most easily propagated by seed. The primary pollinators are bees and wasps, rather than butterflies. Sown outdoors after frost, a plant will flower and produce seed in the third year. It is difficult to transplant once established, as it has a deep, woody taproot.

A. tuberosa is a larval food plant of the queen and monarch butterflies, as well as the dogbane tiger moth, milkweed tussock moth, and the unexpected cycnia. Because of its rough leaves and trichomes, it is not a preferred host plant of the monarch butterfly but caterpillars can be reared on it successfully. Further, it is one of the very lowest Asclepias species in cardenolide content, making it a poor source of protection from bird predation and parasite virulence and perhaps contributing to its lack of attractiveness to egg-laying monarchs.

Cultivation

Butterfly weed is frequently grown in gardens for its showy orange flowers which are especially attractive to bees, though also visited by hummingbirds, moths, and butterflies. It is easily grown from seeds and is difficult to transplant due to the size of its roots. Grown from seed plants will take about two to three years to reach flowering size in average conditions. The seeds do not require stratification and can be immediately planted, though in commercial growing they are generally moist stratified at 5 °C for 30–60 days because this increases the germination rate. For other milkweeds a thin layer of mulch a layer 1–2 cm thick increases the germination rate, though specific research on butterfly weed is lacking.

Butterfly weed has few serious pest or disease problems. It is susceptible to crown rot if planted in poorly drained or too constantly moist locations. It is hardy in USDA zones 3–9.

Toxicity

The plant contains toxic glycosides, alkaloids and resinoids. These can cause weakness, seizures and corneal injuries. Use of the plant is contraindicated in pregnancy, during lactation or with infants due to its toxins, which include resinoids and pregnanes.

Uses

Native Americans and European pioneers used the boiled roots to treat diarrhea and respiratory illnesses. The young seed pods were used as food after being boiled in several changes of water. The seed pod down was spun and used to make candle wicks.

The root was once used to treat pleurisy.

Gallery

• Entire plant from the ground to the flower

  Entire plant from the ground to the flower

• Young stems during spring

  Young stems during spring

• A young leaf

  A young leaf

• An emerging flower head

  An emerging flower head

• Closeup of the hairy stems

  Closeup of the hairy stems

• Closeup of unopened buds

  Closeup of unopened buds

• Flower head

  Flower head

• Closeup showing unopened, opening, and fully opened flower buds

  Closeup showing unopened, opening, and fully opened flower buds

• Orange flowers

  Orange flowers

• Red-striped orange flowers

  Red-striped orange flowers

• Yellow flowers

  Yellow flowers

• Seedpod

  Seedpod

• Файл:Asclepias tuberosa 004.JPG

Further reading

• Шаблон:Cite book

External links

• Шаблон:Commons category-inline
• Шаблон:Wikispecies inline
• Butterfly weed brief information and pictures Шаблон:Webarchive
• Missouri Botanical Garden Asclepias tuberosa
• Photo of a J.J. Audubon Plate Clay-Colored Sparrow perched atop Asclepias tuberosa