Английская Википедия:Aukštieji Paneriai
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish
Aukštieji Paneriai (literally Шаблон:Lang-lt; adapted to Шаблон:Lang-pl, Шаблон:Lang-yi/Ponar) is a neighborhood of Vilnius, situated about 10 kilometres away from the city center. It is located on low forested hills, on the Vilnius-Warsaw road. Paneriai was the site of the Ponary massacre, a mass killing of as many as 100,000 people from Vilnius and nearby towns and villages during World War II.
History
The village was probably founded some time in the 14th century. In 1390, it was acquired by the Vilnius Bishopric and soon became the main supplier of bricks to the nearby city. It shared a common history with Vilnius. After the final Partition of Poland in 1795, it became a part of the Vilna Governorate of the Russian Empire. During the November Uprising, on 19 June 1831, the Battle of Paneriai took place near the village, in which the forces of Dezydery Chłapowski and Antoni Giełgud were defeated by Russian infantry.
20th century
As result of Russia's withdrawal from World War I, and the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the area was occupied by German forces and transferred to Lithuania. With Germany's defeat several months later the territory underwent significant political upheaval, but following the Lithuanian–Bolshevik War, Polish-Bolshevik War, and the Polish-Lithuanian War, it eventually became part of Poland. In 1939, after the invasion of Poland, the village was captured by the Soviet Union and transferred to Lithuania, only to be reannexed by Soviets the following year.
Between July 1941, and August 1944, Paneriai became the mass murder site of approximately 70,000[1] Jews, 20,000 Polish intelligents, and 8,000 Russian POWs.[2][3][4] The executions were planned and carried out by German units of SD and SS with help from local lithuanian collaborationists Special SD and Security Police Squad.[4][5][6] The site of the massacre is commemorated by a memorial to the victims of the Holocaust, a memorial to the Polish victims and a small museum.
Since 1990, again part of independent Lithuania, it was incorporated to the city of Vilnius as one of its districts.
References
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Kazimierz Sakowicz, Yitzhak Arad, Ponary Diary, 1941-1943: A Bystander's Account of a Mass Murder, Yale University Press, 2005, Шаблон:ISBN, Google Print.
- ↑ Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland's Holocaust, McFarland & Company, 1997, Шаблон:ISBN, p.168
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:In lang Śledztwo w sprawie masowych zabójstw Polaków w latach 1941 - 1944 w Ponarach koło Wilna dokonanych przez funkcjonariuszy policji niemieckiej i kolaboracyjnej policji litewskiej Шаблон:Webarchive (Investigation of mass murders of Poles in the years 1941-1944 in Ponary near Wilno by functionaries of German police and local collaborating police). Institute of National Remembrance documents from 2003 on the ongoing investigation]. Last accessed on 10 February 2007.
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Czesław Michalski, Ponary - Golgota Wileńszczyzny Шаблон:Webarchive (Ponary - the Golgoth of Wilno Region). Konspekt no. 5, Winter 2000/2001, a publication of Academy of Pedagogy in Kraków. Last accessed on 10 February 2007.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
