Английская Википедия:Bengali alphabet
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Redirect
Шаблон:Multiple issues Шаблон:EngvarB Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox writing system Шаблон:Officially used writing systems in India Шаблон:Contains special characters Шаблон:Culture of Bengal Шаблон:Culture of Bangladesh Шаблон:Brahmic The Bengali script or Bangla alphabet (Шаблон:Lang-bn, Bangla bôrṇômala, Шаблон:Lang-mniШаблон:Efn) is the alphabet used to write the Bengali language based on the Bengali-Assamese script, and has historically been used to write Sanskrit within Bengal. It is one of the most widely adopted writing systems in the world (used by over 265 million people).[1] It is one of the official scripts of the Indian Republic. It is used as the official script of the Bengali language in Bangladesh, West Bengal, Tripura and Barak valley of Assam as well as the Meitei language in Manipur (officially termed as "Manipuri language"),Шаблон:Efn[2] two of the official languages of India.[3][4]
From a classificatory point of view, the Bengali writing system is an abugida, i.e. its vowel graphemes are mainly realised not as independent letters, but as diacritics modifying the vowel inherent in the base letter they are added to. It is written from left to right and uses a single letter case, which makes it a unicameral script, as opposed to a bicameral one like the Latin script. It is recognisable, as are some other Brahmic scripts, by a distinctive horizontal line known as a mātrā (Шаблон:Lang) running along the tops of the letters that links them together. The Bengali writing system is less blocky, however, and presents a more sinuous shape than the Devanagari script.[5]
Characters
The Bengali script can be divided into vowels and vowel diacritics, consonants and Conjunct consonants, diacritical and other symbols, digits and punctuation marks. Vowels and consonants are used as letters and also as diacritical marks.
Vowels
The Bengali script has a total of 11 vowel graphemes, each of which is called a Шаблон:Lang swôrôbôrnô "vowel letter". The swôrôbôrnôs represent six of the seven main vowel sounds of Bengali, along with two vowel diphthongs. All of them are used in both Bengali and Assamese languages.
- "Шаблон:Lang" ô (Шаблон:Lang shôrô ô, "vocalic ô") Шаблон:IPA sounds as the default inherent vowel for the entire Bengali script. Bengali, Assamese and Odia which are Eastern languages have this value for the inherent vowel, while other languages using Brahmic scripts have a for their inherent vowel.
- Even though the near-open front unrounded vowel Шаблон:IPA is one of the seven main vowel sounds in the standard Bengali language, no distinct vowel symbol has been allotted for it in the script since there is no Шаблон:IPA sound in Sanskrit, the primary written language when the script was conceived. As a result, the sound is orthographically realised by multiple means in modern Bengali orthography, usually using some combination of "Шаблон:Lang" e (Шаблон:Lang shôrô e, "vocalic e") Шаблон:IPA, "Шаблон:Lang", "Шаблон:Lang"[6] a (Шаблон:Lang shôrô a) Шаблон:IPA and the Шаблон:Lang jôphôla (diacritic form of the consonant grapheme Шаблон:Lang jô). Thus /k/ Шаблон:Lang with the vowel /æ/ will be written as Шаблон:Lang.
- There are two graphemes for the vowel sound Шаблон:IPA and two graphemes for the vowel sound Шаблон:IPA. The redundancy stems from the time when this script was used to write Sanskrit, a language that had short and long vowels: "Шаблон:Lang" i (Шаблон:Lang rôshshô i, "short i") Шаблон:IPA and "Шаблон:Lang" ī (দীর্ঘ ঈ dirghô ī, "long ī") Шаблон:IPA, and "Шаблон:Lang" u (হ্রস্ব উ rôshshô u) Шаблон:IPA and "Шаблон:Lang" ū (দীর্ঘ ঊ dirghô ū) Шаблон:IPA. The letters are preserved in the Bengali script with their traditional names despite the fact that they are no longer pronounced differently in ordinary speech. These graphemes serve an etymological function, however, in preserving the original Sanskrit spelling in tôtsômô Bengali words (words borrowed from Sanskrit).
- The grapheme called "Шаблон:Lang" ṛ (or হ্রস্ব ঋ rôshshô ri, "short ri", as it used to be) does not really represent a vowel phoneme in Bengali but the consonant-vowel combination Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA. Nevertheless, it is included in the vowel section of the inventory of the Bengali script. This inconsistency is also a remnant from Sanskrit, where the grapheme represents the vocalic equivalent of a retroflex approximant (possibly an r-colored vowel). Another grapheme called "Шаблон:Lang" ḷ (or হ্রস্ব ঌ rôshshô li as it used to be) representing the vocalic equivalent of a dental approximant in Sanskrit but actually representing the consonant-vowel combination Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA in Bengali instead of a vowel phoneme, was also included in the vowel section but unlike "Шаблон:Lang", it was recently discarded from the inventory since its usage was extremely limited even in Sanskrit.
- When a vowel sound occurs syllable-initially or when it follows another vowel, it is written using a distinct letter. When a vowel sound follows a consonant (or a consonant cluster), it is written with a diacritic which, depending on the vowel, can appear above, below, before or after the consonant. These vowel marks cannot appear without a consonant and are called Шаблон:Lang kar.
- An exception to the above system is the vowel Шаблон:IPA, which has no vowel mark but is considered inherent in every consonant letter. To denote the absence of the inherent vowel Шаблон:IPA following a consonant, a diacritic called the Шаблон:Lang hôsôntô (্) may be written underneath the consonant.
- Although there are only two diphthongs in the inventory of the script: "Шаблон:Lang" oi (স্বর ঐ shôrô oi, "vocalic oi") Шаблон:IPA and "Шаблон:Lang" ou (স্বর ঔ shôrô ou) Шаблон:IPA, the Bengali phonetic system has, in fact, many diphthongs.[nb 1] Most diphthongs are represented by juxtaposing the graphemes of their constituent vowels, as in Шаблон:Lang keu Шаблон:IPA.
- There also used to be two long vowels: "Шаблон:Lang" ṝ (দীর্ঘ ৠ dirghô rri, "long rri") and "Шаблон:Lang" ḹ (দীর্ঘ ৡ dirghô lli), which were removed from the inventory during the Vidyasagarian reform of the script due to peculiarity to Sanskrit.
The table below shows the vowels present in the modern (since the late nineteenth century) inventory of the Bengali alphabet:
| Шаблон:Lang (short) | Шаблон:Lang (long) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang (vowel phoneme) |
Шаблон:Lang (vowel mark) |
Шаблон:Lang (vowel phoneme) |
Шаблон:Lang (vowel mark) | |||
| কন্ঠ্য (Guttural) |
অ | Шаблон:Transliteration Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Efn |
- | আ | Шаблон:Transliteration Шаблон:IPAslinkШаблон:Efn |
া |
| তালব্য (Palatal) |
ই | Шаблон:Transliteration Шаблон:IPAslink |
ি | ঈ | Шаблон:Transliteration Шаблон:IPAslink |
ী |
| ওষ্ঠ্য (Labial) |
উ | Шаблон:Transliteration Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Efn |
ু | ঊ | Шаблон:Transliteration Шаблон:IPAslink |
ূ |
| মূর্ধন্য (Retroflex) |
ঋ | Шаблон:Transliteration Шаблон:IPA |
ৃ | ৠ | Шаблон:Transliteration | ৄ |
| দন্ত্য (Dental) |
ঌ | Шаблон:Transliteration Шаблон:IPA |
ৢ | ৡ | Шаблон:Transliteration | ৣ |
| Шаблон:Lang (complex vowels) | ||||||
| কন্ঠ্যতালব্য (Palatoguttural) |
এ | Шаблон:Transliteration Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Efn |
ে | ঐ | Шаблон:Transliteration Шаблон:IPA |
ৈ |
| কন্ঠৌষ্ঠ্য (Labioguttural) |
ও | Шаблон:Transliteration Шаблон:IPAШаблон:EfnШаблон:Efn |
ো | ঔ | Шаблон:Transliteration Шаблон:IPA |
ৌ |
Notes
Consonants
Consonant letters are called Шаблон:Lang bænjônbôrnô "consonant letter" in Bengali. The names of the letters are typically just the consonant sound plus the inherent vowel Шаблон:Lang ô. Since the inherent vowel is assumed and not written, most letters' names look identical to the letter itself (the name of the letter Шаблон:Lang is itself ghô, not gh).
- Some letters that have lost their distinctive pronunciation in modern Bengali are called by more elaborate names. For example, since the consonant phoneme Шаблон:IPA is written as both Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang, the letters are not called simply nô; instead, they are called Шаблон:Lang dôntyô nô ("dental nô") and Шаблон:Lang murdhônyô nô ("retroflex nô"). What was once pronounced and written as a retroflex nasal ণ Шаблон:IPA is now pronounced as an alveolar Шаблон:IPA (unless conjoined with another retroflex consonant such as ট, ঠ, ড and ঢ) although the spelling does not reflect the change.
- Although still named murdhônyô when they are being taught, retroflex consonants do not exist in Bengali and are instead fronted to their postalveolar and alveolar equivalents.[7]
- The voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant phoneme Шаблон:IPA can be written as Шаблон:Lang, (Шаблон:Lang talôbyô shô, "palatal shô"), Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang murdhônyô shô, "retroflex shô"), or Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang dôntyô sô, "dental sô" voiceless alveolar fricative), depending on the word.
- The voiced palato-alveolar affricate phoneme Шаблон:IPA can be written in two ways, as Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang ôntôsthô jô) or Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang bôrgiyô jô). In many varieties of Bengali, Шаблон:IPA are not distinct from this phoneme, but speakers who distinguish them may use the letters Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang with contrast.
- Post-reform, the letter য় was introduced to distinguish it from য [note]:
- The semivowel Шаблон:Lang yô Шаблон:IPA cannot occur at the beginning of a word .Шаблон:Efn The name of য় is Шаблон:Lang ôntôsthô ô ('semi-vowel y') [the y is silent in the pronunciation of its name]. The pronunciation of Шаблон:Lang yô Шаблон:IPA varies between ⟨w⟩ and ⟨j⟩ ['w' and 'y'].
- The name of Шаблон:Lang is Шаблон:Lang ôntôsthô jô ('semi-vowel j'). It is found almost entirely at the beginning of words.
- When present in the middle of words, in conjuncts, য is represented as a distinct letter: Шаблон:Lang (যফলা jôphôla) which is mostly silent or semi-silent (see below). Jôphôla may alter the pronunciation of the surrounding vowel or double the preceding consonant or be completely silent.
- Since the nasals Шаблон:Lang ñô Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:Lang ngô Шаблон:IPA cannot occur at the beginning of a word in Bengali, their names are not ñô and ngô respectively but Шаблон:Lang ungô (pronounced by some as Шаблон:Lang umô or Шаблон:Lang ũô) and Шаблон:Lang iñô (pronounced by some as Шаблон:Lang niyô or Шаблон:Lang ingô) respectively.
- There is a difference in the pronunciation of Шаблон:Lang ṛô (Шаблон:Lang ḍô-e shunyô ṛô, "ṛô (as) ḍô with a zero (the figure is used analogous to the ring below diacritic as the Bengali equivalent of the Devanagari nuqta, which is again analogous to the underdot)") and Шаблон:Lang ṛhô (Шаблон:Lang ḍhô-e shunyô ṛhô) with that of Шаблон:Lang rô (sometimes called Шаблон:Lang bô-e shunyô rô for distinguishing purpose) - similar to other Indic languages. This is especially true in the parlance of western and southern part of Bengal but lesser on the dialects of the eastern side of the Padma River. Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang were introduced to the inventory during the Vidyasagarian reform to indicate the retroflex flap in the pronunciation of Шаблон:Lang ḍô and Шаблон:Lang ḍhô in the middle or end of a word. It is an allophonic development in some Indic languages not present in Sanskrit. Yet in ordinary speech these letters are pronounced the same as Шаблон:Lang in modern Bengali.
| Post-reform letters | ড় | Шаблон:Transliteration Шаблон:IPA |
ঢ় | Шаблон:Transliteration Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Efn |
য় | Шаблон:Transliteration Шаблон:IPA |
|---|
Notes
Consonant conjuncts
Clusters of up to four consonants can be orthographically represented as a typographic ligature called a consonant conjunct (Шаблон:Lang-bn juktakkhôr/juktôbôrnô or more specifically Шаблон:Lang). Typically, the first consonant in the conjunct is shown above and/or to the left of the following consonants. Many consonants appear in an abbreviated or compressed form when serving as part of a conjunct. Others simply take exceptional forms in conjuncts, bearing little or no resemblance to the base character.
Often, consonant conjuncts are not actually pronounced as would be implied by the pronunciation of the individual components. For example, adding Шаблон:Lang lô underneath Шаблон:Lang shô in Bengali creates the conjunct Шаблон:Lang, which is not pronounced shlô but slô in Bengali. Many conjuncts represent Sanskrit sounds that were lost centuries before modern Bengali was ever spoken as in Шаблон:Lang. It is a combination of Шаблон:Lang ǰô and Шаблон:Lang ñô but it is not pronounced "ǰñô" or "jnô". Instead, it is pronounced ggô in modern Bengali. Thus, as conjuncts often represent (combinations of) sounds that cannot be easily understood from the components, the following descriptions are concerned only with the construction of the conjunct, and not the resulting pronunciation.
(Some graphemes may appear in a form other than the mentioned form due to the font used)
Fused forms
Some consonants fuse in such a way that one stroke of the first consonant also serves as a stroke of the next.
- The consonants can be placed on top of one another, sharing their vertical line: Шаблон:Lang kkô Шаблон:Lang gnô Шаблон:Lang glô Шаблон:Lang nnô Шаблон:Lang pnô Шаблон:Lang ppô Шаблон:Lang llô etc.
- As the last member of a conjunct, ব bô can hang on the vertical line under the preceding consonants, taking the shape of ব bô (includes বফলা bôphôla): Шаблон:Lang gbô Шаблон:Lang "ṇbô" Шаблон:Lang "dbô" Шаблон:Lang lbô Шаблон:Lang "shbô".
- The consonants can also be placed side-by-side, sharing their vertical line: Шаблон:Lang ddô Шаблон:Lang ndô Шаблон:Lang bdô Шаблон:Lang bǰô Шаблон:Lang pṭô Шаблон:Lang sṭô Шаблон:Lang shchô Шаблон:Lang shchhô, etc.
Approximated forms
Some consonants are written closer to one another simply to indicate that they are in a conjunct together.
- The consonants can be placed side-by-side, appearing unaltered: Шаблон:Lang dgô Шаблон:Lang dghô Шаблон:Lang ḍḍô.
- As the last member of a conjunct, Шаблон:Lang bô can appear immediately to the right of the preceding consonant, taking the shape of Шаблон:Lang bô (includes বফলা bôphôla): Шаблон:Lang "dhbô" Шаблон:Lang bbô Шаблон:Lang "hbô".
Compressed forms
Some consonants are compressed (and often simplified) when appearing as the first member of a conjunct.
- As the first member of a conjunct, the consonants Шаблон:Lang ngô Шаблон:Lang chô Шаблон:Lang ḍô and Шаблон:Lang bô are often compressed and placed at the top-left of the following consonant, with little or no change to the basic shape: Шаблон:Lang "ngkṣô" Шаблон:Lang ngkhô Шаблон:Lang ngghô Шаблон:Lang ngmô Шаблон:Lang chchô Шаблон:Lang chchhô Шаблон:Lang "chnô" Шаблон:Lang ḍḍhô Шаблон:Lang bbô.
- As the first member of a conjunct, Шаблон:Lang tô is compressed and placed above the following consonant, with little or no change to the basic shape: Шаблон:Lang tnô Шаблон:Lang "tmô" Шаблон:Lang "tbô".
- As the first member of a conjunct, Шаблон:Lang mô is compressed and simplified to a curved shape. It is placed above or to the top-left of the following consonant: Шаблон:Lang mnô Шаблон:Lang mpô Шаблон:Lang mfô Шаблон:Lang mbô Шаблон:Lang mbhô Шаблон:Lang mmô Шаблон:Lang mlô.
- As the first member of a conjunct, Шаблон:Lang ṣô is compressed and simplified to an oval shape with a diagonal stroke through it. It is placed to the top-left of the following consonants: Шаблон:Lang ṣkô Шаблон:Lang ṣṭô Шаблон:Lang ṣṭhô Шаблон:Lang ṣpô Шаблон:Lang ṣfô Шаблон:Lang ṣmô.
- As the first member of a conjunct, Шаблон:Lang sô is compressed and simplified to a ribbon shape. It is placed above or to the top-left of the following consonant: Шаблон:Lang skô Шаблон:Lang skhô Шаблон:Lang stô Шаблон:Lang sthô Шаблон:Lang snô Шаблон:Lang spô Шаблон:Lang sfô Шаблон:Lang "sbô" Шаблон:Lang "smô" Шаблон:Lang slô.
Abbreviated forms
Some consonants are abbreviated when appearing in conjuncts and lose part of their basic shape.
- As the first member of a conjunct, Шаблон:Lang ǰô can lose its final down-stroke: Шаблон:Lang ǰǰô Шаблон:Lang "ǰñô" Шаблон:Lang "jbô".
- As the first member of a conjunct, Шаблон:Lang ñô can lose its bottom half: Шаблон:Lang ñchô Шаблон:Lang ñchhô Шаблон:Lang ñǰô Шаблон:Lang ñǰhô.
- As the last member of a conjunct, Шаблон:Lang ñô can lose its left half (the Шаблон:Lang part): Шаблон:Lang "ǰñô".
- As the first member of a conjunct, Шаблон:Lang ṇô and Шаблон:Lang pô can lose their down-stroke: Шаблон:Lang ṇṭhô Шаблон:Lang ṇḍô Шаблон:Lang ptô Шаблон:Lang psô.
- As the first member of a conjunct, Шаблон:Lang tô and Шаблон:Lang bhô can lose their final upward tail: Шаблон:Lang ttô Шаблон:Lang tthô Шаблон:Lang trô Шаблон:Lang bhrô.
- As the last member of a conjunct, Шаблон:Lang thô can lose its final upstroke, taking the form of Шаблон:Lang hô instead: Шаблон:Lang nthô Шаблон:Lang sthô Шаблон:Lang mthô
- As the last member of a conjunct, Шаблон:Lang mô can lose its initial down-stroke: Шаблон:Lang "kmô" Шаблон:Lang "gmô" Шаблон:Lang ngmô Шаблон:Lang "ṭmô" Шаблон:Lang "ṇmô" Шаблон:Lang "tmô" Шаблон:Lang "dmô" Шаблон:Lang nmô Шаблон:Lang mmô Шаблон:Lang "shmô" Шаблон:Lang ṣmô Шаблон:Lang "smô".
- As the last member of a conjunct, Шаблон:Lang sô can lose its top half: Шаблон:Lang ksô.
- As the last member of a conjunct Шаблон:Lang ṭô, Шаблон:Lang ḍô and Шаблон:Lang ḍhô can lose their matra: Шаблон:Lang pṭô Шаблон:Lang ṇḍô Шаблон:Lang ṇṭô Шаблон:Lang ṇḍhô.
- As the last member of a conjunct Шаблон:Lang ḍô can change its shape: Шаблон:Lang ṇḍô
Variant forms
Some consonants have forms that are used regularly but only within conjuncts.
- As the first member of a conjunct, ঙ ngô can appear as a loop and curl: ঙ্ক ngkô ঙ্গ nggô.
- As the last member of a conjunct, the curled top of ধ dhô is replaced by a straight downstroke to the right, taking the form of ঝ ǰhô instead: গ্ধ gdhô দ্ধ ddhô ন্ধ ndhô ব্ধ bdhô.
- As the first member of a conjunct, র rô appears as a diagonal stroke (called রেফ ref) above the following member: র্ক rkô র্খ rkhô র্গ rgô র্ঘ rghô, etc.
- As the last member of a conjunct, র rô appears as a wavy horizontal line (called রফলা rôphôla) under the previous member: খ্র khrô গ্র grô ঘ্র ghrô ব্র brô, etc.
- In some fonts, certain conjuncts with রফলা rôphôla appear using the compressed (and often simplified) form of the previous consonant: জ্র ǰrô ট্র ṭrô ঠ্র ṭhrô ড্র ḍrô ম্র mrô স্র srô.
- In some fonts, certain conjuncts with রফলা rôphôla appear using the abbreviated form of the previous consonant: ক্র krô ত্র trô ভ্র bhrô.
- As the last member of a conjunct, য jô appears as a wavy vertical line (called যফলা jôphôla) to the right of the previous member: ক্য "kyô" খ্য "khyô" গ্য "gyô" ঘ্য "ghyô" etc.
- In some fonts, certain conjuncts with যফলা jôphôla appear using special fused forms: দ্য "dyô" ন্য "nyô" শ্য "shyô" ষ্য "ṣyô" স্য "syô" হ্য "hyô".
Exceptions
- When followed by র rô or ত tô, ক kô takes on the same form as ত tô would with the addition of a curl to the right: ক্র krô, ক্ত ktô.
- When preceded by the abbreviated form of ঞ ñô, চ chô takes the shape of ব bô: ঞ্চ ñchô
- When preceded by another ট ṭô, ট is reduced to a leftward curl: ট্ট ṭṭô.
- When preceded by ষ ṣô, ণ ṇô appears as two loops to the right: ষ্ণ ṣṇô.
- As the first member of a conjunct, or when at the end of a word and followed by no vowel, ত tô can appear as ৎ: ৎস "tsô" ৎপ tpô ৎক tkô etc.
- When preceded by হ hô, ন nô appears as a curl to the right: হ্ন "hnô".
- Certain combinations must be memorised: ক্ষ "kṣô" হ্ম "hmô".
Certain compounds
When serving as a vowel mark, উ u, ঊ u, and ঋ ri take on many exceptional forms.
- উ u
- When following গ gô or শ shô, it takes on a variant form resembling the final tail of ও o: গু gu শু shu.
- When following a ত tô that is already part of a conjunct with প pô, ন nô or স sô, it is fused with the ত to resemble ও o: ন্তু ntu স্তু stu প্তু ptu.
- When following র rô, and in many fonts also following the variant রফলা rôphôla, it appears as an upward curl to the right of the preceding consonant as opposed to a downward loop below: রু ru গ্রু gru ত্রু tru থ্রু thru দ্রু dru ধ্রু dhru ব্রু bru ভ্রু bhru শ্রু shru.
- When following হ hô, it appears as an extra curl: হু hu.
- ঊ u
- When following র rô, and in many fonts also following the variant রফলা rôphôla, it appears as a downstroke to the right of the preceding consonant as opposed to a downward hook below: রূ rū গ্রূ grū থ্রূ thrū দ্রূ drū ধ্রূ dhrū ভ্রূ bhrū শ্রূ shrū.
- ঋ ri
- When following হ hô, it takes the variant shape of ঊ u: হৃ hri.
- Conjuncts of three consonants also exist, and follow the same rules as above: স sô + ত tô +র rô = স্ত্র strô, ম mô + প pô + র rô = ম্প্র mprô, জ ǰô + জ ǰô + ব bô = জ্জ্ব "ǰǰbô", ক্ষ "kṣô" + ম mô = ক্ষ্ম "kṣmô".
- Theoretically, four-consonant conjuncts can also be created, as in র rô + স sô + ট ṭô + র rô = র্স্ট্র rsṭrô, but they are not found in native words.
- Also theoretically, 5-letter conjuncts can be created, as র rô + স sô + ট tô + র rô + ঁ = র্স্ট্রঁ (pronounced rsṭrô but nasalised: rsṭrôñ). Here ঁ is a diacritic which nasalises the previous vowel. A theoretical 6-letter conjunct would be র্স্ট্রাঁ (rsṭrañ/rsṭra), with the addition of a (আ) to র্স্ট্রঁ, and a theoretical 7-letter conjunct would be like র্স্ট্র্যাঁ (rsṭrya/rsṭryañ) with the addition of য to র্স্ট্রাঁ.
Diacritics and other symbols
These are mainly the Brahmi-Sanskrit diacritics, phones and punctuation marks present in languages with Sanskrit influence or Brahmi-derived scripts.
| Symbol/ Graphemes |
Name | Function | Romanization | IPA transcription |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ৎ[nc 1] | Шаблон:Lang khôndô tô |
Special character. Final unaspirated dental Шаблон:IPA | t | Шаблон:IPA |
| Шаблон:Lang[nc 2] | Шаблон:Lang ônusshar |
Diacritic. Final velar nasal Шаблон:IPA | ng | Шаблон:IPA |
| Шаблон:Lang[nc 2] | Шаблон:Lang bishôrgô |
Diacritic. 1. Doubles the next consonant sound without the vowel (spelling feature) in Шаблон:Lang dukkhô, the k of Шаблон:Lang khô was repeated before the whole Шаблон:Lang khô 2. "h" sound at end, examples: Шаблон:Lang eh!, Шаблон:Lang uh! 3. Silent in spellings like Шаблон:Lang āntônôgôr meaning "Inter-city" 4. Also used as abbreviation, as in Шаблон:Lang (similar to "km" in English), for the word Шаблон:Lang "kilometer", or Шаблон:Lang (similar to "Dr" in English) for Шаблон:Lang dāktār "doctor". But now using বিসর্গ bishôrgô for making abbreviations is considered grammatically wrong and now dot is used for making abbreviations (as in কি.মি. for the word কিলোমিটার " kilometer", or ডা. for ডাক্তার dāktār "doctor" which are respectively similar to "km" and "Dr" in English) is grammatically correct.[8][9] |
h | Шаблон:IPA |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang chôndrôbindu |
Diacritic. Vowel nasalization | ñ | Шаблон:IPA |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang hôshôntô |
Diacritic. Suppresses the inherent vowel Шаблон:IPA (ô) | – | – |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang ôbôgrôhô |
Special character or sign. Used for prolonging vowel sounds Example1: Шаблон:Lang shônôôôô meaning "listennnn..." (listen), this is where the default inherited vowel sound ô in Шаблон:Lang nô is prolonged. Example2: Шаблон:Lang kiiii? meaning "Whatttt...?" (What?), this is where the vowel sound i which is attached with the consonant Шаблон:Lang kô is prolonged. |
- | – |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang jôphôla |
Diacritic. Used with two types of pronunciation in modern Bengali depending on the location of the consonant it is used with within a syllable Example 1 - When the consonant it is used with is syllable-initial, it acts as the vowel Шаблон:IPA: Шаблон:Lang is pronounced Шаблон:IPA Example 2 - When the consonant it is used with is syllable-final, it doubles the consonant: Шаблон:Lang is pronounced Шаблон:IPA Notably used in transliterating English words with Шаблон:IPA sounding vowels, e.g. Шаблон:Lang "black" and sometimes as a diacritic to indicate non-Bengali vowels of various kinds in transliterated foreign words, e.g. the schwa indicated by a jôphôla, the French u, and the German umlaut ü as Шаблон:Lang uyô, the German umlaut ö as Шаблон:Lang oyô or Шаблон:Lang eyô |
ê / yô | Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang rôphôla |
Diacritic. Шаблон:IPA pronounced following a consonant phoneme. | r | Шаблон:IPA |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang ref/reph |
Diacritic. Шаблон:IPA pronounced preceding a consonant phoneme. | r | Шаблон:IPA |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang bôphôla |
Diacritic. Used in spellings only if they were adopted from Sanskrit and has two different pronunciations depending on the location of the consonant it is used with Example 1 - When the consonant it is used with is syllable-initial, it remains silent: Шаблон:Lang is pronounced as Шаблон:IPA rather than Шаблон:IPA Example 2 - When the consonant it is used with is syllable-final, it doubles the consonant: Шаблон:Lang is pronounced Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:Lang is pronounced Шаблон:IPA However, certain Sanskrit sandhis (phonetic fusions) such as 'ঋগ্বেদ', 'দিগ্বিজয়', 'উদ্বেগ', 'উদ্বৃত্ত' are pronounced Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA respectively while usage with the consonant Шаблон:Lang defies phonological rules: 'আহ্বান' and 'জিহ্বা' are properly pronounced Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA rather than Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, respectively. Also used in transliterating Islam-related Arabic words Note: Not all instances of Шаблон:Lang bô used as the last member of a conjunct are bôphôla, for example, in the words Шаблон:Lang ômbôr, Шаблон:Lang lômba, Шаблон:Lang tibbôt, Шаблон:Lang balb, etc. |
- | Шаблон:IPA |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang ishshôr |
Sign. Represents the name of a deity or also written before the name of a deceased person | – | – |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang anji /siddhirôstu |
Sign. Used at the beginning of texts as an invocation | – | – |
Notes
Digits and numerals
The Bengali script has ten numerical digits (graphemes or symbols indicating the numbers from 0 to 9). Bengali numerals have no horizontal headstroke or মাত্রা "matra".
| Hindu-Arabic numerals | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bengali numerals | ০ | ১ | ২ | ৩ | ৪ | ৫ | ৬ | ৭ | ৮ | ৯ |
Numbers larger than 9 are written in Bengali using a positional base 10 numeral system (the decimal system). A period or dot is used to denote the decimal separator, which separates the integral and the fractional parts of a decimal number. When writing large numbers with many digits, commas are used as delimiters to group digits, indicating the thousand (হাজার hazar), the hundred thousand or lakh (লাখ lakh or লক্ষ lôkkhô), and the ten million or hundred lakh or crore (কোটি koti) units. In other words, leftwards from the decimal separator, the first grouping consists of three digits, and the subsequent groupings always consist of two digits.
For example, the English number 17,557,345 will be written in traditional Bengali as ১,৭৫,৫৭,৩৪৫.
Punctuation marks
Bengali punctuation marks, apart from the downstroke দাড়ি dari (।), the Bengali equivalent of a full stop, have been adopted from western scripts and their usage is similar: Commas, semicolons, colons, quotation marks, etc. are the same as in English. Capital letters are absent in the Bengali script so proper names are unmarked.
An apostrophe, known in Bengali as ঊর্ধ্বকমা urdhbôkôma "upper comma", is sometimes used to distinguish between homographs, as in পাটা pata "plank" and পাʼটা pa'ta "the leg". Sometimes, a hyphen is used for the same purpose (as in পা-টা, an alternative of পাʼটা).
Characteristics of the Bengali text
Bengali text is written and read horizontally, from left to right. The consonant graphemes and the full form of vowel graphemes fit into an imaginary rectangle of uniform size (uniform width and height). The size of a consonant conjunct, regardless of its complexity, is deliberately maintained the same as that of a single consonant grapheme, so that diacritic vowel forms can be attached to it without any distortion. In a typical Bengali text, orthographic words, words as they are written, can be seen as being separated from each other by an even spacing. Graphemes within a word are also evenly spaced, but that spacing is much narrower than the spacing between words.
Unlike in western scripts (Latin, Cyrillic, etc.) for which the letter-forms stand on an invisible baseline, the Bengali letter-forms instead hang from a visible horizontal left-to-right headstroke called মাত্রা matra. The presence and absence of this matra can be important. For example, the letter ত tô and the numeral ৩ "3" are distinguishable only by the presence or absence of the matra, as is the case between the consonant cluster ত্র trô and the independent vowel এ e. The letter-forms also employ the concepts of letter-width and letter-height (the vertical space between the visible matra and an invisible baseline).
| Grapheme | Percentage |
|---|---|
| আ | 11.32 |
| এ | 8.96 |
| র | 7.01 |
| অ | 6.63 |
| ব | 4.44 |
| ক | 4.15 |
| ল | 4.14 |
| ত | 3.83 |
| ম | 2.78 |
According to Bengali linguist Munier Chowdhury, there are about nine graphemes that are the most frequent in Bengali texts, shown with its percentage of appearance in the adjacent table.[10]
Vowels
Consonants
Vowel diacritics
Standardization
Шаблон:Unreferenced section In the script, clusters of consonants are represented by different and sometimes quite irregular forms; thus, learning to read is complicated by the sheer size of the full set of letters and letter combinations, numbering about 350. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar introduced punctuation marks in Bengali language and wrote a book named Barnaparichay to standardize Bengali alphabets. While efforts at standardising the alphabet for the Bengali language continue in such notable centres as the Bangla Academy at Dhaka (Bangladesh) and the Pôshchimbônggô Bangla Akademi at Kolkata (West Bengal, India), it is still not quite uniform yet, as many people continue to use various archaic forms of letters, resulting in concurrent forms for the same sounds.
Romanization
Romanization of Bengali is the representation of the Bengali language in the Latin script. There are various ways of Romanization systems of Bengali, created in recent years but failed to represent the true Bengali phonetic sound. While different standards for romanisation have been proposed for Bengali, they have not been adopted with the degree of uniformity seen in languages such as Japanese or Sanskrit.[nb 2] The Bengali alphabet has often been included with the group of Brahmic scripts for romanisation in which the true phonetic value of Bengali is never represented. Some of them are the International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration or "IAST system"[11] "Indian languages Transliteration" or ITRANS (uses upper case alphabets suited for ASCII keyboards),[12] and the extension of IAST intended for non-Sanskrit languages of the Indian region called the National Library at Kolkata romanisation.[13]
Sample texts
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The first line is the Bengali alphabet; the second a phonetic Romanization, the third IPA.
Unicode
Шаблон:Main Bengali script was added to the Unicode Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0.
The Unicode block for Bengali is U+0980–U+09FF:
See also
- Bengali Braille
- Robert B. Wray movable type for Bengali (1778)
- Bengali phonology
- Bengali language
- Barnaparichay, book by Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
- Paschimbanga Bangla Academi and Bangladesh Bangla Academi
- Eastern Nagari script
- Bengali Unicode
Notes
Шаблон:Notelist Шаблон:Reflist
References
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Citation
Шаблон:Bengali language topics Шаблон:Bangladesh topics Шаблон:Writing systems Шаблон:List of writing systems
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ George Cardona and Danesh Jain (2003), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ See Chowdhury 1963
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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