Английская Википедия:Breve
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Infobox diacritic
A breve (Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell, less often Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell, neuter form of the Latin Шаблон:Lang "short, brief") is the diacritic mark Шаблон:Char, shaped like the bottom half of a circle. As used in Ancient Greek, it is also called Шаблон:Transliteration, Шаблон:Lang. It resembles the caron (Шаблон:Char, the wedge or Шаблон:Lang in Czech, Шаблон:Lang in Slovak) but is rounded, in contrast to the angular tip of the caron. In many forms of Latin, Шаблон:Char is used for a shorter, softer variant of a vowel, such as "Ĭ", where the sound is nearly identical to the English /i/. (See: Latin IPA)
| Breve | Ă ă Ĕ ĕ Ĭ ĭ Ŏ ŏ Ŭ ŭ Y̆ y̆ |
|---|---|
| Caron | Ǎ ǎ Ě ě Ǐ ǐ Ǒ ǒ Ǔ ǔ Y̌ y̌ |
Length
The breve sign indicates a short vowel, as opposed to the macron (Шаблон:Char), which indicates long vowels, in academic transcription. It is often used that way in dictionaries and textbooks of Latin, Ancient Greek, Tuareg and other languages. However, there is a frequent convention of indicating only the long vowels. It is then understood that a vowel with no macron is short. If the vowel length is unknown, a breve as well as a macron are used in historical linguistics (Ā̆ ā̆ Ē̆ ē̆ Ī̆ ī̆ Ō̆ ō̆ Ū̆ ū̆ Ȳ̆ ȳ̆). In Cyrillic script, a breve is used for Й. In Belarusian, it is used for both the Cyrillic Ў (semivowel U) and in the Latin (Łacinka) Ŭ. Ў was also used in Cyrillic Uzbek under the Soviet Union. The Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet uses a breve on Ӂ to represent a voiced postalveolar affricate Шаблон:IPA (corresponding to Шаблон:Angbr before a front vowel in the Latin script for Moldovan). In Chuvash, a breve is used for Cyrillic letters Ӑ (A-breve) and Ӗ (E-breve). In Itelmen orthography, it is used for Ӑ, О̆ and Ў. The traditional Cyrillic breve differs in shape and is thicker on the edges of the curve and thinner in the middle, as opposed to the Latin one,[1] but the Unicode encoding is the same.
In Emilian, ĕ ŏ are used to represent Шаблон:IPA in dialects where also long Шаблон:IPA occur.
In Esperanto, u with breve (ŭ) represents a non-syllabic u in diphthongs Шаблон:IPAslink, analogous to Belarusian ў.
In the transcription of Sinhala, the breve over an m or an n indicates a prenasalized consonant; for example, n̆da is used to represent Шаблон:IPA.
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, a breve over a phonetic symbol is used to indicate extra-shortness.
Other uses
In other languages, it is used for other purposes.
- In Romanian, A with breve represents /ə/, as in măr (apple).
- G-breve appears in the Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Crimean Tatar, Tatar, and Turkish alphabets. In Turkish, ğ lengthens the preceding vowel. It is thus placed between two vowels and is silent in standard Turkish but may be pronounced Шаблон:IPA in some regional dialects or varieties closer to Ottoman Turkish.
- The breve, together with the circumflex and horn, are used in the Vietnamese language to represent additional vowels.
- The McCune-Reischauer romanization system of the Korean alphabet's script uses breves over o and u to represent the vowels ㅓ (ŏ) and ㅡ (ŭ).[2]
- H-breve below Ḫ ḫ is used to transliterate the Arabic character Ḫāʾ (Шаблон:Lang) in DIN 31635. It is also used to transliterate Akkadian, Hittite cuneiform, and Egyptian hieroglyphs.
- On German language maps, a double breve is often used in abbreviated placenames that end in -b͝g., short for -burg, a common suffix originally meaning "castle". This prevents misinterpretation as -berg, another common suffix in placenames (meaning "mountain"). Thus, for example, Freib͝g. stands for Freiburg, not Freiberg.
- Certain transcription systems for certain varieties of Chinese employ the breve to represent one of the tones, including Foochow Romanized for the Fuzhou dialect of Eastern Min, and Kienning Colloquial Romanized for the Jian'ou dialect of Northern Min (which also uses the caron).
- I-breve (Ĭ, ĭ) is used in the dialects of Crimean Tatar language spoken in Romania. It pronounce [ɪ] sound like in Tatar tĭlĭ (Tatar language).
- In Khmer, ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, œ̆, and ŭ are used in Khmer romanization, e.g. siĕm reăp (Siem Reap).
- In the Syriac languages, ĕ is used to denote an "eh" or /ˈɛ/ sound.
- The ISO 259 Romanization of Hebrew uses ă, ḝ, and ŏ for reduced vowels.
- In Spanish-language vocal music, a breve below is sometimes used to indicate elision across word boundaries, as in "por-que ̮en-ton-ces."
Letters with breve
Шаблон:Letters with diacritic/headerШаблон:HlistШаблон:Letters with diacritic/footer
Breve below
The breve below is diacritic with the same appearance as the conventional breve, except that it is placed under the letter (or space) to be marked. There are just two precomposed character code-points: Шаблон:Unichar and Шаблон:Unichar. For other uses, it is rendered as a combining character, Шаблон:Unichar.
Traditional editions of Spanish vocal sheet music use the 'breve below' to indicate elision. Modern editions tend to use a (freestanding) underscore.
Encoding
Unicode and HTML code (decimal numeric character reference) for breve characters.
| Name | Letter | Unicode | HTML |
|---|---|---|---|
| Breve (spacing) | Шаблон:Char | U+02D8 | ˘ |
| Combining breve | Шаблон:Char | U+0306 | ̆ |
| Combining breve below | Шаблон:Char | U+032E | ̮ |
| Combining double breve | Шаблон:Char | U+035D | ͝ |
| Combining double breve below | Шаблон:Char | U+035C | ͜ |
| Breve with inverted breve (spacing) | Шаблон:Char | U+AB5B | ꭛ |
| colspan="4" Шаблон:Rh | Latin | |||
| A-breve | Ă ă |
U+0102 U+0103 |
Ă ă |
| E-breve | Ĕ ĕ |
U+0114 U+0115 |
Ĕ ĕ |
| I-breve | Ĭ ĭ |
U+012C U+012D |
Ĭ ĭ |
| O-breve | Ŏ ŏ |
U+014E U+014F |
Ŏ ŏ |
| U-breve | Ŭ ŭ |
U+016C U+016D |
Ŭ ŭ |
| colspan="4" Шаблон:Rh | Azerbaijani, Tatar, Turkish | |||
| G-breve | Ğ ğ |
U+011E U+011F |
Ğ ğ |
| colspan="4" Шаблон:Rh | Vietnamese | |||
| A-sắc-breve | Ắ ắ |
U+1EAE U+1EAF |
Ắ ắ |
| A-huyền-breve | Ằ ằ |
U+1EB0 U+1EB1 |
Ằ ằ |
| A-hỏi-breve | Ẳ ẳ |
U+1EB2 U+1EB3 |
Ẳ ẳ |
| A-ngã-breve | Ẵ ẵ |
U+1EB4 U+1EB5 |
Ẵ ẵ |
| A-nặng-breve | Ặ ặ |
U+1EB6 U+1EB7 |
Ặ ặ |
| colspan="4" Шаблон:Rh | Cyrillic | |||
| A-breve | Ӑ ӑ |
U+04D0 U+04D1 |
Ӑ ӑ |
| Ye-breve | Ӗ ӗ |
U+04D6 U+04D7 |
Ӗ ӗ |
| Zhe-breve | Ӂ ӂ |
U+04C1 U+04C2 |
Ӂ ӂ |
| Short I | Й й |
U+0419 U+0439 |
Й й |
| O-breve | О̆ о̆ |
U+041E U+0306 U+043E U+0306 |
О̆ о̆ |
| Short U | Ў ў |
U+040E U+045E |
Ў ў |
| colspan="4" Шаблон:Rh | Greek | |||
| Alpha with brachy | Ᾰ ᾰ |
U+1FB8 U+1FB0 |
Ᾰ ᾰ |
| Iota with brachy | Ῐ ῐ |
U+1FD8 U+1FD0 |
Ῐ ῐ |
| Upsilon with brachy | Ῠ ῠ |
U+1FE8 U+1FE0 |
Ῠ ῠ |
| colspan="4" Шаблон:Rh | Arabic, Hittite, Akkadian, Egyptian transliteration[3] | |||
| H-breve below | Ḫ ḫ |
U+1E2A U+1E2B |
Ḫ ḫ |
| colspan="4" Шаблон:Rh | Hebrew transliteration[3] | |||
| E-cedilla-breve | Ḝ ḝ |
U+1E1C U+1E1D |
Ḝ ḝ |
In LaTeX the controls \u{o} and \breve{o} put a breve over the letter o.
See also
Notes
External links
Шаблон:Navbox diacritical marks Шаблон:Latin script
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ For example, that word 한글 han-geul is romanized in McCune-Reischauer as han'gŭl. The spelling han-geul is based on South Korea's Revised Romanization of Korean adopted in 2000 in part for ease in computer use, not on McCune-Reischauer. It is common, for convenience, to omit writing all diacritical marks in McCune-Reishchauer including breves, in which case the word is spelled hangul not han'gŭl. North Korea uses a variant of McCune-Reischauer that also utilizes breves for those two vowels.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite web
