Английская Википедия:Celtiberian language

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox language

Celtiberian or Northeastern Hispano-Celtic is an extinct Indo-European language of the Celtic branch spoken by the Celtiberians in an area of the Iberian Peninsula between the headwaters of the Douro, Tagus, Júcar and Turia rivers and the Ebro river. This language is directly attested in nearly 200 inscriptions dated from the 2nd century BC to the 1st century AD, mainly in Celtiberian script, a direct adaptation of the northeastern Iberian script, but also in the Latin alphabet. The longest extant Celtiberian inscriptions are those on three Botorrita plaques, bronze plaques from Botorrita near Zaragoza, dating to the early 1st century BC, labeled Botorrita I, III and IV (Botorrita II is in Latin).

Overview

Under the P/Q Celtic hypothesis, and like its Iberian relative Gallaecian, Celtiberian is classified as a Q Celtic language, putting it in the same category as Goidelic and not P-Celtic like Gaulish or Brittonic.[1]

Under the Insular/Continental Celtic hypothesis, Celtiberian and Gaulish are grouped together as Continental Celtic languages but this grouping is paraphyletic: no evidence suggests the two shared any common innovation separately from Insular Celtic. According to Ranko Matasovic in the introduction to his 2009 Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic : "Celtiberian...is almost certainly an independent branch on the Celtic genealogical tree, one that became separated from the others very early."[2]

Celtiberian has a fully inflected relative pronoun ios (as does, for instance, Ancient Greek), an ancient feature that was not preserved by the other Celtic languages, and the particles Шаблон:Lang 'and' < *kʷe (cf. Latin -Шаблон:Lang, Attic Greek Шаблон:Lang te), Шаблон:Lang 'nor' < *ne-kʷe (cf. Latin Шаблон:Lang), Шаблон:Lang 'also, as well' < *h₂et(i)-kʷe (cf. Lat. Шаблон:Lang, Gaulish ate, OIr. aith 'again'), ve "or" (cf. Latin enclitic Шаблон:Lang and Attic Greek Шаблон:Lang ē < Proto-Greek *ē-we). As in Welsh, there is an s-subjunctive, Шаблон:Lang "he shall take" (Old Irish gabid), robiseti, auseti. Compare Umbrian ferest "he/she/it shall make" or Ancient Greek Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang (aorist subj.) / Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang (future ind.) "(that) he/she/it shall show".

Phonology

Шаблон:More citations needed section

Celtiberian was a Celtic language that shows the characteristic sound changes of Celtic languages such as:[3]

PIE Consonants

Final *-m is preserved in Celtiberian (and Lepontic), a further indication of these dialects' conservatism. It is generally fronted to -n in Gaulish (exceptional cases, for instance on the Larzac tablet, are probably due to influence from Latin): boustom "stable."[8]

Consonant clusters

  • PIE *mn > un: as in Lepontic, Brittonic and Gaulish, but not Old Irish and seemingly not Galatian. Шаблон:Lang 'neighbour' < *kom-ness-o < *Kom-nedʰ-to (cf. OIr. comnessam 'neighbour' < *Kom-nedʰ-t-m̥o).
  • PIE *pn > un: Шаблон:Lang < *kleun-y-a < *kleup-ni 'meadow' (Cfr. OIr. clúain 'meadow' < *klouni). However, in Latin *pn > mn: Шаблон:Lang 'damage' < *dHp-no.
  • PIE *nm > lm: Only in Celtiberian. Шаблон:Lang < *men-mōn 'intelligence', Шаблон:Lang 'gifted with mind' < *men-mn̥-tyo (Cfr. OIr. menme 'mind' < *men-mn̥. Also occurs in modern Spanish: Шаблон:Lang 'soul' < *anma < Lat. Шаблон:Lang, Asturian galmu 'step' < Celtic Шаблон:Lang.
  • PIE *ps > *ss / s: Шаблон:Lang 'he must excavate (lit. up/over-dig)' < *ups-ad-bʰiH-tōd, Шаблон:Lang * < *useziu < *ups-ed-yō 'highest'. The ethnic name Шаблон:Lang in Latin (contesikum in native language), recall the proper name Шаблон:Lang 'warm-hearted, friendly' (< *kom-tep-so, cf. OIr. tess 'warm' > *tep-so). In Latin epigraphy that sound is transcribed with geminated: Шаблон:Lang 'of the Usseitici' < *Usseito < *upse-tyo. However, in Gaulish and Brittonic *ps > *x (cf. Gaulish Uxama, MW. uchel, 'one six').
  • PIE *pt > *tt / t: Шаблон:Lang 'seventh' (< *septmo-to). However, in Gaulish and Insular Celtic *pt > x: sextameto 'seventh', Old Irish sechtmad (< *septmo-e-to).
  • PIE *gs > *ks > *ss / s: sues 'six' < *sweks;
  • PIE *gt > *kt > *tt / t: Шаблон:Lang 'constructions, buildings' < *dʰigʰ-tas (= Latin Шаблон:Lang);
  • PIE *st > *st: against Gaulish, Irish and Welsh, where the change was *st > ss. This preservation of the PIE cluster *st is another indication of the phonological conservatism of this dialect. Шаблон:Lang 'excellent' < *Шаблон:Lang 'excellence' < *gus-tu. Old Irish gussu 'excellence' (cfr. Fergus < *viro-gussu), Gaulish gussu (Lezoux Plate, line 7).

Vowels

  • PIE *e, *h₁e > e: Шаблон:Lang 'in Togotis' < *h₁en-i (cf. Lat. in, OIr. in 'into, in'), Шаблон:Lang 'inside of this territory', es- 'out of, not' < *eks < *h₁eǵʰs (cf. Lat. ex-, Common Celtic Шаблон:Lang, OIr. ess-), Шаблон:Lang 'not enclosed, open' lit. 'unfenced' < *h₁eǵʰs-*h₂enk-yos, Шаблон:Lang 'settlement, town', Шаблон:Lang 'conventus, capital' < *kom-treb-ya (cf. OIr. treb, W. tref 'settlement'), Шаблон:Lang horse < *h₁ekw-os, Шаблон:Lang 'horseman'.
  • PIE *h₂e > a: Шаблон:Lang 'fenced, enclosed' < *h₂enk-yos, Шаблон:Lang 'strong' < *h₂ep-lō 'strength', Шаблон:Lang 'valid, firm' < *h₂ewg-u, adj. 'strong, firm, valid'.
  • PIE *o, *Ho > o: Шаблон:Lang (dat.sing.) 'for the last' (< *olzo 'last' < *h₂ol-tyo, cf. Lat. Шаблон:Lang < *h₂ol-t-m̥o. OIr. ollam 'master poet' < *oltamo < *h₂ol-t-m̥), Шаблон:Lang 'mountain' (< *h₂ok-r-i, cf. Lat. Шаблон:Lang 'mountain', OIr. ochair 'edge' < *h₂ok-r-i), Шаблон:Lang 'memory' (< *monī-mā < *mon-eye-mā).
  • PIE *eh₁ > ē > ī?. This Celtic reflex isn't well attested in Celtiberian. e.g. IE *h3rШаблон:PIEg'-s meaning "king, ruler" vs. Celtiberian -reiKis, Gaulish -rix, British rix, Old Irish, Old Welsh, Old Breton ri meaning "king". In any case, the maintenance of PIE ē = ē is well attested in Шаблон:Lang 'he did' < *deked < *dʰeh₁k-et, identical to Latin fecit.
  • PIE *eh₂ > ā: Шаблон:Lang 'to burn' < *deh₂u-nei (Old Irish dóud, dód 'burn' < *deh₂u-to-), Шаблон:Lang 'enough money, a considerable amount of money' (< *sātio < *she₂t-yo, Common Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'sufficiency', OIr. sáith), kār 'friendship' (< *keh₂r, cf. Lat. cārus 'dear' < *keh₂r-os, Irish cara 'friend', W. caru 'love' < *kh₂r-os).
  • PIE *eh₃, *oH > a/u: Celtic Шаблон:Lang in final syllables and Шаблон:Lang in non-final syllables, e.g. IE *dh3-tШаблон:PIEd to Celtiberian Шаблон:Lang meaning 'he must give'. Шаблон:Lang 'sentence' < *dʰoh₁m-eh₂ 'put, dispose' (cfr. Old Irish dán 'gift, skill, poem', Germanic dōma < *dʰoh₁m-o 'verdict, sentence').
  • PIE *Hw- > w-: uta 'conj. and, prep. besides' (< *h₂w-ta, 'or, and', cfr, Umb. ute 'or', Lat. aut 'or' (< *h₂ew-ti).
  • PIE ey remains ey in Celtiberian and Lepontic (teiuo- < *dēywo-), but in other Celtic languages, it becomes ē (apparently, another indication of the conservatism of Celtiberian, unless these spellings indicate a high /e/ rather than an actual diphthong).[10]

Syllabic resonants and laryngeals

  • PIE *n̥ > an / *m̥ > am: Шаблон:Lang 'silver' < *h₂r̥gn̥to (cf. OIr. argat and Latin Шаблон:Lang). Шаблон:Lang 'path, way' *kanmano < *kn̥gs-mn̥-o (cf. OIr. céimm, OW. cemmein 'step'), Шаблон:Lang 'tithe' < *dekm̥-et-a (cf. Gaulish decametos 'tenth', Old Irish dechmad 'tenth'), dekam 'ten' (cf. Lat. Шаблон:Lang, Common Celtic dekam, OIr. deich < *dekm̥), Шаблон:Lang 'the nine tribes', Шаблон:Lang 'nine' < *h₁newn̥ (cf. Lat. novem, Common Celtic Шаблон:Lang, OW. nauou < *h₁newn̥), ās 'we, us' (< *ans < *n̥s, Old Irish sinni < *sisni, *snisni 'we, us', cf. German uns < *n̥s), Шаблон:Lang < *tri-kn̥g-ta, lit. 'three horns, three boundaries' > 'civil parish, shire' (modern Spanish Tres Cantos).
  • Like Common Celtic and Italic (SCHRIJVER 1991: 415, McCONE 1996: 51 and SCHUMACHER 2004: 135), PIE *CHC > CaC (C = any consonant, H = any laryngeal): Шаблон:Lang < *dh₃-tōd, Шаблон:Lang 'they put' < *dʰh₁k-ont, Шаблон:Lang 'propitious days' < *mh₂-tu (Latin Шаблон:Lang 'good' < *meh₂-no, Old Irish maith 'good' < *mh₂-ti).
  • PIE *CCH > CaC (C = any consonant, H = any laryngeal): Шаблон:Lang 'prince' (< *mgh₂-i-lo, cf. OIr. mál 'prince' < *mgh₂-lo).
  • PIE *r̥R > arR and *l̥R > alR (R = resonant): Шаблон:Lang 'part, share' < *φarsna < *parsna < *pr̥s-nh₂. Common Celtic Шаблон:Lang < *prasna < *pr̥s-nh₂, cf. Old Irish ernáil 'part, share'.
  • PIE *r̥P > riP and *l̥P > liP (P = plosive): Шаблон:Lang PiRiKanTi < *bʰr̥ǵʰ-n̥ti. Шаблон:Lang 'silver coined' < *kom-skl̥-to 'to cut'.
  • PIE *Cr̥HV > CarV and *Cl̥HV > CalV: sailo 'dung, slurry' *salyo < *sl̥H-yo (cf. Lat. Шаблон:Lang < *sl̥H-iwa, OIr. sal 'dirt' < *sl̥H-a), Шаблон:Lang 'stone building' < *pl̥-ya (cf. OIr. ail 'boulder'), are- 'first, before' (Old Irish ar 'for', Gaulish are 'in front of', < *pr̥h₂i. Lat. prae- 'before' < *preh₂i).
  • Like Common Celtic (JOSEPH 1982: 51 and ZAIR 2012: 37), PIE *HR̥C > aRC (H = any laringeal, R̥ any syllabic resonant, C = any consonant): Шаблон:Lang 'silver' < *h₂r̥gn̥to, not **riganto.

Exclusive developments

  • Affrication of the PIE groups -*dy-, -*dʰy-. -*ty- > z/th (/θ/) located between vowels and of -*d, -*dʰ > z/th (/θ/) at the end of the word: adiza 'duty' < *adittia < *h₂ed-d(e)ik-t-ya; Шаблон:Lang 'highest' < *ups-ed-yō; Шаблон:Lang 'territory' < *teut-yō; rouzu 'red' < *reudʰy-ō; olzo 'last' < *h₂ol-tyo; ozas 'feet' < *pod-y-ans; datuz < *dh₃-tōd; Шаблон:Lang 'free' (in: LOUZOKUM, MLH IV, K.1.1.) < *h₁leudʰy-ō (cf. Oscan loufir 'free man', Russian ljúdi 'men, people'. That this is one of only a very few phonological developments that distinguishes Celtiberian phonologically from Proto-Celtic is one of the reasons Matasovic has concluded that Celtiberian is a very early independent branch of Proto-Celtic.[11] It is noteworthy that this weakening of most non-initial Proto-Celtic voiced dental stops (ds) seems to indicate that Celtiberian had taken the first step in what became more widespread lenition of non-initial (and in some cases even initial) voiced consonants in later Celtic dialects.[12]

Morphology

Noun and adjective cases

Case Singular   Plural
ā-stem o-stem i-stem u-stem r-stem ā-stem o-stem i-stem u-stem r-stem
Nominative *arznā *veizos / *vamos (n. *-om) *gentis *loutus duater *arznās / *arznī *veizoi (n *-a) *gentis *loutoves *duateres
Accusative *arznām *veizom *gentim *loutum *duaterem *arznās < -*ams *veizus < *-ōs < -*oms *gentīs < -*ims *loutūs < -*ums *duaterēs < -*ems
Genitive *arznās *veizo *gentes[13] ? *duateros *arznaum *veizum < *weidʰ-y-ōm *gentizum < *isōm *loutoum < *ewōm ?
Dative *arznāi *veizūi < *weidʰ-y-ōi *gentei *loutuei[14] ? ? *veizubos ? ? ?
Ablative *arznaz[15] *veizuz < *weidʰ-y-ōd / *vamuz < *up-m̥ōd *gentiz *loutuez *duaterez < -*ed ? *veizubos ? ? ?
Locative *arznai *veizei *gentei ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

[16][17]

An -n- stem can be seen in melmu nom.sg. < *-ōn, melmunos gen. sg. (from Botorrita III, probably a name).

It is notable that the genitive singular -o- stem ends in -o in Celtiberian, unlike the rest of Celtic (and Italic) where this ending is -ī[18][19]

There is also a potential Vocative case, however this is very poorly attested, with only an ambiguous -e ending for o-stem nouns being cited in literature.

Demonstrative pronouns

Case Singular   Plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
Nominative *so: so viros 'this man' *sa: sa duater 'this daughter' *soz: soz bezom < *so-d *bʰedʰ-yom 'this mine'. *sos < *so-s ? *sas < *sa-s ? *soizos < so-syos < *so-sy-os ?
Accusative *som: 'to this' *sam: 'to this' *sozom < *so-sy-om? *sus < *sōs < *so-ms *sās < *sa-ms *soizus < so-syōs < *so-sy-oms ??
Genitive ? ? ? soum < *so-ōm 'of these' saum < *sa-ōm 'of these' soizum < *so-sy-ōm 'of these'
Dative somui < *so-sm-ōi 'for this' somai < *so-sm-ai 'for this' ? ? ? ?
Locative somei < *so-sm-ei 'from this' samei < *sa-sm-ei 'from this' ? ? ? ?

[20]

Relative pronoun

Forms of the masculine singular relative pronoun *yo- can be found in the first Botorrita plaque: The form io-s in line 10 is the nominative singular masculine of the relative pronoun from Proto-Indo-European *yo- (Sanskrit ya-, Greek hos), which shows up in Old Irish only as the aspirationШаблон:Clarify for leniting relative verb forms. Line 7 has the accusative singular io-m and the dative singular io-mui of the same root.[21]

Verbal endings

The Indo-European third person verbal ending system seems to be evident, though the exact meaning of many verbs remains unclear: primary singular active *-ti in Шаблон:Lang (Botorrita I, A.5), '(that someone) builds around > enclose' < *h₂m̥bi-dʰingʰ-s-e-ti, and Шаблон:Lang, secondary *-t > /θ/ written <z> in Шаблон:Lang (SP.02.08, B-4) and perhaps Шаблон:Lang; primary plural active *-nti in Шаблон:Lang (Z.09.24, A-4) and Шаблон:Lang "they sow" (or perhaps "they give" with assimilation of the initial do the medial <z>),[22] secondary *-nt perhaps in Шаблон:Lang (Z.09.24, A-5), middle voice *-nto in Шаблон:Lang (Z.09.03, 01) and perhaps Шаблон:Lang (SP.02.08 A-2).

A third person imperative *-tо̄d > -tuz perhaps is seen in Шаблон:Lang "he must give" (Bronze plaque of Torrijo del Campo), Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang (Botorrita I A.5) and Шаблон:Lang 'he must build' < *dʰingʰ-bī-tōd. A possible third person singular subjunctive may be Шаблон:Lang.

A possible infinitive form may be seen in Шаблон:Lang (Botorrita I A.5), though the exact etymological source for such an ending remains unclear, and in Шаблон:Lang ‘to give’.[23][24]

Syntax

Celtiberian syntax is considered to have the basic order Subject - Object - Verb.[25] Another archaic Indo-European feature is the use of the relative pronoun jos and the repetition of enclitised conjunctions such as kwe.

Sample texts

First Botorrita plaque, side A

One of four bronze plaques found in Botorrita, this text was written in eastern Celtiberian script. The other side consists of a list of names. (K.01.01.A) Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang[26]
all this (is) valid by order of the competent authority
Шаблон:Lang: all this (< *sod).
Шаблон:Lang: final, valid (< *h₂eug-os 'strong, valid', cf. Latin Шаблон:Lang 'solemn').
Шаблон:Lang: of the competent authority (gen. sing. Шаблон:Lang < *pr̥Hi-steh₂-lo 'competent authority' < *pr̥Hi-sto 'what is first, authority').
Шаблон:Lang: by order (instrumental fem. sing. < *dʰoh₁m-eh₂ 'establish, dispose').
(Translation: Prospér 2006)
Шаблон:Lang[27]
of these, he will give the tax inside of this territory, so be fenced as be unfenced
Шаблон:Lang: of these (< *sa-ōm).
Шаблон:Lang: the tithes, the tax.
Шаблон:Lang: he will pay, will give.
Шаблон:Lang: inside, in (< *h₁en-i).
Шаблон:Lang: of this (loc. sing. < *so-sm-ei 'from this').
Шаблон:Lang: territory (loc. sing. < *touzom 'territory' < *tewt-yo).
Шаблон:Lang: so (be) fenced.
Шаблон:Lang: as (be) unfenced.
(Transcription: Jordán 2004)
Шаблон:Lang
In Togotis, he who draws water either for the green or for the farmland, the tithe (of their yield) he shall give
(Translation: De Bernardo 2007)

Great inscription from Peñalba de Villastar

An inscription in the Latin alphabet in the Celtiberian sanctuary of Peñalba de Villastar, in the current municipality of Villastar, Teruel province. (K.03.03) Other translations, which differ dramatically from this and from each other, may be found in P. Sims-Williams' treatment of the Celtic languages in The Indo-European Languages.[28]

Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang
In Orosis and the surroundings of Tigino river, we dedicate the fields to Lugus.
Шаблон:Lang: in (< *h₁en-i).
Шаблон:Lang: Orosis (loc. sing. *oros-ei).
Шаблон:Lang: and (conj. cop.).
Шаблон:Lang: of Tigino (river) (gen. sing. *tigin-o).
Шаблон:Lang: in the surroundings (loc. sing. *tiatoun-ei < *to-yh₂eto-mn-ei).
Шаблон:Lang: the furrows > the land cultivated (acc. pl. fem. erekaiās < *perka-i-ans > English furrow).
Шаблон:Lang: to Lugus.
Шаблон:Lang: properly, totally, (may be a verbal complement > *pare-yanom, cfr. welsh iawn).
Шаблон:Lang: we dedicate (present 3 p.pl. komeimu < *komeimuz < *kom-ei-mos-i).
Шаблон:Lang
In Orosis and Equeiso the hills, the vegetable gardens [and] the houses are dedicated to Lugus.
Шаблон:Lang: in Ekuoisu (loc. sing.) -kue: and (< *-kʷe).
Шаблон:Lang: the hills (nom. pl. < *h₂ok-r-eyes).
Шаблон:Lang: the vegetable gardens (nom. pl. olokas < *olkās < *polk-eh₂-s > English fallow).
Шаблон:Lang: (and) the roofs > houses (nom. pl. or gen. sg. togias < tog-ya-s > Old Irish tuige "cover, protection).[29]
Шаблон:Lang: are they (dedicated) (3 p.pl. < *sistant < *si-sth₂-nti).
Шаблон:Lang: to Lug (dat. Lugue-i).
(Transcription: Meid 1994, Translation: Prósper 2002[30])

Bronze plaque of Torrijo del Campo

A bronze plaque found in Torrijo del Campo, Teruel province in 1996, using the eastern Celtiberian script.

Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang
for those of the Lutorici included in the duty, and also of the Cartinoci, of the Lancici and of the Tritoci, must give enough money to settle the debt with them.
Шаблон:Lang: of the Lutorici ( gen. masc. pl.).
Шаблон:Lang: for those included ( < *h1epi-s-o-bʰos).
Шаблон:Lang: in the assignment, in the duty (loc. fem. sing. < *adittia < *ad-dik-tia. Cfr. Latin addictio 'assignment').
Шаблон:Lang: and also (< *h₂et(i)kʷe).
Шаблон:Lang: of the Cartinoci ( gen. masc. pl.).
Шаблон:Lang: of the Lancici ( gen. masc. pl.).
Шаблон:Lang: of the Tritoci ( gen. masc. pl.).
Шаблон:Lang: money.
Шаблон:Lang: enough (< *sātio < *seh₂t-yo).
Шаблон:Lang: for them (dat.3 p.pl. ibus < *i-bʰos).
Шаблон:Lang: to settle the debt (< *essato < *eks-h₂eg-to. Cfr. Latin ex-igo 'demand, require' & exactum 'identical, equivalent').
Шаблон:Lang: must give (< *dh₃-tōd).
(Transcription and Translation: Prósper 2015)

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

  • Шаблон:Cite journal
  • Anderson, James M. "Preroman indo-european languages of the hispanic peninsula" . In: Revue des Études Anciennes. Tome 87, 1985, n°3-4. pp. 319–326. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/rea.1985.4212]; [www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1985_num_87_3_4212]
  • Hoz, Javier de. "Lepontic, Celtiberian, Gaulish and the archaeological evidence". In: Etudes Celtiques. vol. 29, 1992. Actes du IXe congrès international d'études celtiques. Paris, 7-12 juillet 1991. Deuxième partie : Linguistique, littératures. pp. 223–240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.1992.2006
  • Hoz, Javier de. (1996). The Botorrita first text. Its epigraphical background; in: Die größeren altkeltischen Sprachdenkmäler. Akten des Kolloquiums Innsbruck 29. April - 3. Mai 1993, ed. W. Meid and P. Anreiter, 124–145, Innsbruck.
  • Jordán Cólera, Carlos: (2004). Celtibérico. [1]. University of Zaragoza, Spain.
  • Joseph, Lionel S. (1982): The Treatment of *CRH- and the Origin of CaRa- in Celtic. Ériu n. 33 (31-57). Dublín. RIA.
  • Lejeune, Michel (1955) Celtiberica Acta Salmanticensia: Filosofia y Letras, vol. 7, #4. Salamanca. Universidad de Salamanca.
  • Lorrio, Alberto J. "Les Celtibères: archéologie et culture". In: Etudes Celtiques. vol. 33, 1997. pp. 7–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.1997.2109
  • Luján, Eugenio R. "Celtic and Celtiberian in the Iberian peninsula". In: E. Blasco et al. (eds.). Iberia e Sardegna. Le Monnier Universitá. 2013. pp. 97–112. Шаблон:ISBN
  • Luján, Eugenio R.; Lorrio, Alberto J. "Un puñal celtibérico con inscripción procedente de Almaraz (Cáceres, España)". In: Etudes Celtiques, vol. 43, 2017. pp. 113–126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.2017.1096
  • McCone, Kim.(1996): Towards a relative chronology of ancient and medieval Celtic sound change Maynooth Studies in Celtic Linguistics 1. Maynooth. St. Patrick's College.
  • Meid, Wolfgang. (1994). Celtiberian Inscriptions, Archaeolingua, edd. S. Bökönyi and W. Meid, Series Minor, 5, 12–13. Budapest.
  • Schrijver, Peter (1991): The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin. Amsterdam. Ed. Rodopi.
  • Schumacher, Stefan (2004): Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft vol. 110. Universität Innsbruck.
  • Untermann, Jürgen. (1997): Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum. IV Die tartessischen, keltiberischen und lusitanischen Inschriften, Wiesbaden.
  • Velaza, Javier (1999): Balance actual de la onomástica personal celtibérica, Pueblos, lenguas y escrituras en la Hispania Prerromana, pp. 663–683.
  • Villar, Francisco (1995): Estudios de celtibérico y de toponimia prerromana, Salamanca.
  • Zair, Nicholas. (2012): The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Celtic. Leiden. Ed. Brill.

Further reading

General studies

Specific themes

  • Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia de. "Celtic ‘son’, ‘daughter’, other descendants, and *sunus in Early Celtic". In: Indogermanische Forschungen 118, 2013 (2013): 259–298. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/indo.2013.118.2013.259
  • Fernández, Esteban Ngomo. “A propósito de matrubos y los términos de parentesco en celtibérico”. In: Boletín del Archivo Epigráfico. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. nº. 4 (2019): 5-15. Шаблон:ISSN
  • Fernández, Esteban Ngomo. "El color rojo en celtibérico: del IE *H1roudh- al celtibérico routaikina". In: Boletín del Archivo Epigráfico. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. nº. 6 (junio, 2020): 5-19. Шаблон:ISSN
  • Simón Cornago, Ignacio; Jordán Cólera, Carlos Benjamín. "The Celtiberian S. A New Sign in (Paleo)Hispanic Epigraphy". In: Tyche 33 (2018). pp. 183–205. Шаблон:ISSN

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Wiktionarycat

Шаблон:Celtic languages Шаблон:Celts

Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ Ranko Matasovic 2009 Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic Leiden: Brill, 2009, p.13 https://archive.org/stream/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic/Etymological%20Dictionary%20of%20Proto-Celtic_djvu.txt
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ Matasovic, R. Etymological Dictionary Of Proto-Celtic Brill, 2009, pp. 264-265
  5. ↑ Lambert, Pierre-Yves. "Francisco Villar, M.a Pilar Fernandez Álvarez, ed. Religión, lengua y cultura prerromanas de Hispania, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 2001 (Acta Salmanticensia, Estudios Filológicos, 283). = Actas del VIII Coloquio internacional sobre lenguas y culturas prerromanas de la Península Ibérica (11-14 mai 1999, Salamanque)". In: Etudes Celtiques, vol. 35, 2003. p. 393. [www.persee.fr/doc/ecelt_0373-1928_2003_num_35_1_2242_t1_0386_0000_2]
  6. ↑ De Bernardo, P. "La gramática celtibérica del bronce de Botorrita. Nuevos Resultados". In Palaeohispanica 9 (2009), pp. 683-699.
  7. ↑ Schmidt, K. H. "How to define celtiberian archaims?". in Palaeohispanica 10 (2010), pp. 479-487.
  8. ↑ Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p. 768 Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17
  9. ↑ De Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia 2009 "El nombre -¿céltico?- de la Pintia vaccea". BSAA Arqueología Nº. 75, (243-256).
  10. ↑ Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p753. Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17
  11. ↑ Ranko Matasovic 2009 Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic Leiden: Brill, 2009, p.17 https://archive.org/stream/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic/Etymological%20Dictionary%20of%20Proto-Celtic_djvu.txt
  12. ↑ Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p.763 Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17
  13. ↑ Gorrochategui, Joaquín 1991 "Descripción y posición lingiiistica del celtibérico" in "Memoriae L. Mitxelena magistri sacrum vol I (3-32)". Ed. Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea
  14. ↑ Beltrán Lloris, F. Jordán Cólera, C. Marco Simón, F. 2005 "Novedades epigráficas en Peñalba de Villastar (Teruel)". Palaeohispánica: Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua Nº. 5, 911-956: ENIOROSEI Dat. sg. de un tema en -i. LVGVEI, Dat. sg. de un tema en -u. ERECAIAS, Gen .sg. de un tema en -a, TIASO, Gen. sg. de un tema en -o
  15. ↑ Villar Liébana, F. 1996 "Fonética y Morfología Celtibéricas". La Hispania prerromana : actas del VI Coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas prerromanas de la Península Ibérica (339-378): 1) filiación expresada mediante genitivo y cuya desinencia es -as < (*-ās) y 2) origen que se expresa mediante ablativo, cuya desinencia es -az < (*-ād)
  16. ↑ Wodtko, Dagmar S. "An outline of Celtiberian grammar" 2003
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Francisco Beltrán Lloris and Carlos Jordán Cólera (2020) "Celtiberian" PALAEOHISPANICA: revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua pp. 631-690. I.S.S.N. 1578-5386 DOI: 10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.395
  19. ↑ Untermann, J. (1967). "Die Endung des Genitiv singularis der o-Stämme im Keltiberischen." In W. Meid (ed.), Beiträge zur Indogermanistik und Keltologie, Julius Pokorny zum 80. Geburtstag gewidmet, pp. 281-288. Innsbruck: Sprachwissenschaftliches Institut der Universität Innsbruck.
  20. ↑ Jordán Cólera, Carlos "La forma verbal cabint del bronce celtibérico de Novallas". En Emerita, Revista de Lingüística y Filología Clásica LXXXII 2, 2014, pp. 327-343
  21. ↑ Matasovic, R. Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Leiden: Brill. 2006. p. 436
  22. ↑ Addenda et corrigenda to Ranko Matasović’s Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Brill, Leiden 2009) Zagreb, December 2011, p.10. https://mudrac.ffzg.hr/~rmatasov/EDPC-Addenda%20et%20corrigenda.pdf
  23. ↑ Addenda et corrigenda to Ranko Matasović’s Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Brill, Leiden 2009) Zagreb, December 2011, p.10. https://mudrac.ffzg.hr/~rmatasov/EDPC-Addenda%20et%20corrigenda.pdf
  24. ↑ Francisco Beltrán Lloris and Carlos Jordán Cólera (2020) "Celtiberian" PALAEOHISPANICA: revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua pp. 631-690. I.S.S.N. 1578-5386 DOI: 10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.395
  25. ↑ 2000. Fife J. 2000. Historical Aspects. In: The Celtic Languages. Ed. by Martin j. Ball. with James Fife. Routledge. P.74
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  28. ↑ Kapović, M. (editor) The Indo-European Languages Routledge: 2017. p. 360 https://archive.org/stream/MateKapoviTheIndoEuropeanLanguages/Mate%20Kapovi%C4%87%20The%20Indo-European%20Languages_djvu.txt
  29. ↑ Matasovic, R. Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic Leiden: Brill. 2009. p. 376
  30. ↑ Prósper, Blanca M. 2002: «La gran inscripción rupestre celtibérica de Peñalba de Villastar. Una nueva interpretación», Palaeohispanica 2, pp. 213–226.
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Celtiberian_language&oldid=13825269