Английская Википедия:Congress Spelling System
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates The Congress Spelling System (Malay: Ejaan Kongres) is a spelling reform of Malay Rumi Script introduced during the third Malay Congress held in Johor Bahru and Singapore in 1956.[1][2][3] The main characteristics of the system are the use of symbols in the Americanist phonetic notation, going by the dictum of one symbol for one phoneme, and the new proposition in the writing of diphthongs.[3]
The innovation was originally intended to replace the Za'aba Spelling and ultimately to become a standard orthography in the Malay speaking world, but did not seem to gain acceptance in general.[3][2] It was deemed impractical for use by the masses, and certain graphemes proposed by the system were not represented in the common typewriters at that time. Even then, certain groups, particularly those affiliated to the Literary Movement 1950, used the Congress graphemes for diphthongs in their own publications.[3]
Background
In the 1950s, two different orthographies were used in the Malay-speaking world, namely the Republican Spelling System in Indonesia and Za'aba Spelling in British Malaya and Borneo. The Za'ba Spelling System, introduced in 1933, was the improvised version of the earlier orthography introduced by the British scholar, R J Wilkinson. Similarly in Indonesia, the Republican Spelling System was introduced in 1947 to replace the older Dutch Van Ophuijsen Spelling System.[3]
The third Malay congress held in Johor Bahru and Singapore from 16 to 21 September 1956, seek to unite these two different orthographies into a single system. The new orthography, was envisioned to be a better and practical system, which is simplified and using standardized methods of spelling, and emphasized more on the use of Malay phonology system.[2] During the congress, two proposal papers concerning the new orthography was presented by Literary Movement 1950 and Malay Language Association of University of Malaya.[1] Literary Movement 1950, proposed a system already in use by their writers, largely based on Fajar Asia orthography introduced during Japanese occupation in 1943.[1][3] Malay Language Association of University of Malaya generally rejects the use of digraphs and vehemently promotes the Indonesian spelling elements.[4] A consensus was reached during the congress, and the new orthography was later named Ejaan Kongres (the congress spelling').[5][6]
In 1957, the Congress Spelling System was published for the first time by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka in its language leaflet, DBP bilangan (1), with the title Kaedah Baharu Ejaan Rumi Bahasa Melayu (menurut keputusan Kongres Bahasa dan Persuratan Melayu III) (Malay for 'New Methods of Rumi Spelling of Malay Language (based on the decision of Congress of Malay language and letters III)').[6]
Reception
The Congress Spelling System did not seem to gain acceptance of people in general. The reason was that it was not practical for use by the ordinary people and certain graphemes proposed by the system were not represented in the typewriters. Even then, certain groups, particularly those affiliated to the Literary Movement 1950 used the Congress graphemes for diphthongs in their own publications. This group even reverted to the Wilkinson style of writing the vowels in closed final syllables which was, similar to the Republican style in Indonesia.[3]
Since the Malay sections of publishing houses were mainly manned by members of the Literary Movement 1950 or their sympathisers, the Movement's style of spelling seemed to gain a widespread currency through published works. In the meantime, the schools and the government publications were still using the Za'aba or the school system of spelling. Hence, the public became confused as to which system to follow. Language usage outside the precincts of the school reflected a state of confusion in the minds of the people in the spelling of their language using the Rumi script. It was not unusual to find several systems used in a short passage in the print media not to mention in individual writings.[3]
The state of confusion was ended with the introduction of New Rumi Spelling in 1972, that finally united the different orthographies of the Malay-speaking world into a single system.[3]
The system
In the third Malay Congress of 1956, a total of 16 resolutions were made for orthography, 2 resolutions for phonetics, and a resolution for Jawi alphabet. The list of letters agreed upon for the new orthography are as below. It consists of 20 traditional Malay consonants Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr and consonants Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr for adopted sounds from foreign languages.[7]
Congress Spelling Rumi alphabet Uppercase Latin alphabet A B C D E F G H I J K L M N Ŋ Ñ O P Q R S Š T U V W X Y Z Lowercase Latin alphabet a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ŋ ñ o p q r s š t u v w x y z IPA phonemes Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink and Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink ~ks Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink
Schwa
The Congress Spelling also consists of 6 vowel sounds represented by 5 letters; Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, with Шаблон:Angbr representing both Шаблон:IPAslink and Шаблон:IPAslink sounds. It differed markedly with Za'aba spelling that differentiates Шаблон:IPAslink and Шаблон:IPAslink sounds with letters Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr respectively.[7][3]
Za'aba spelling Congress spelling IPA Meaning bĕrhemat berhemat Шаблон:IPA being prudent mĕngganggu meñgañgu Шаблон:IPA disturb mĕrdeka merdeka Шаблон:IPA independence tĕntĕra tentera Шаблон:IPA soldier
Choice of graphemes
The principal feature of Congress Spelling is the representation of a phoneme with a grapheme or a single letter only. Thus, it rejects the use of digraphs commonly found in the earlier orthographies.[7][8]
Za'aba Congress IPA Za'aba example Congress example Meaning ch c Шаблон:IPAslink chichak cicak gecko ng ŋ Шаблон:IPAslink nganga ŋaŋa opening widely (for mouth or door) ngg ñ Шаблон:IPAslink tunggu tuñgu wait sh š Шаблон:IPAslink shisha šiša shisha
Diphthongs
The Congress also made a new proposition in the writing of diphthongs. Whereas the Wilkinson and the Za'aba systems had Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr, the Congress system suggested Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr.[9][8]
Za'aba Congress IPA Za'aba example Congress example Meaning au aw Шаблон:IPA kalau kalaw if ai ay Шаблон:IPA tirai tiray curtain oi oy Шаблон:IPA boroi boroy pot-belly
Morphemes
A fixed rule for the choice of vowels for morphemes in disyllabic words were established in the Congress Spelling. In the event that the morpheme of the first syllable uses vowels Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr, the morpheme bound to the final syllable must use vowels Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr. On the other hand, if morpheme of the first syllable uses vowels other than Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr, the morpheme bound to the final syllable must use vowels Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr.[9]
This Congress rule contradicts with the old Za'aba spelling that concentrate more on the native Malay phonology rather than using the existing theories and linguistic techniques. In Za'aba spelling, for any final syllable that ends with letters Шаблон:Angbr or Шаблон:Angbr, the morpheme bound to it must use vowel Шаблон:Angbr instead of Шаблон:Angbr, with the exceptions given to diphthong Шаблон:Angbr. Conversely, for any final syllable that ends with letters other than Шаблон:Angbr or Шаблон:Angbr, the morpheme bound to it must use vowel Шаблон:Angbr instead of Шаблон:Angbr, with exceptions given to first syllable using vowels Шаблон:Angbr or Шаблон:Angbr, thus vowel Шаблон:Angbr must be used instead.[10]
Final syllables that end with letters k or h
Za'aba spelling Congress spelling Meaning aleh alih to move leteh letih tired balek balik to return chantek cantik beautiful Exceptions to words with diphthong Шаблон:Angbr Za'aba Spelling Congress spelling Meaning naik naik to increase baik baik good raih raih to gain
Final syllables that end with letters other than Шаблон:Angbr or Шаблон:Angbr
Za'aba spelling Congress spelling Meaning nasib nasib fate katil katil bed kutip kutip to pick pasir pasir sand Exceptions to open syllables with vowel Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr Za'aba spelling Congress spelling Meaning deret deret row leher leher neck bogel bogel nude
Phonemes for hamza and ayin
Malay written in Jawi script generally utilizes both Arabic letters Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr, in addition to letter Шаблон:Angbr, as glottal stops which transliterated in the old Rumi orthographies with apostrophes Шаблон:Angbr. The Congress spelling are in agreement that Rumi phonemes for both letters are similar. However, due to differing opinions among the participants, the Congress spelling did not produce any resolution on the use of both phonemes, and opened the issue for public interpretations. The congress nevertheless, proposed four resolutions concerning hamza and ayin.[11]
1. The phonemes shall not be represented by any grapheme when it become onset of first morpheme. For example,
Jawi spelling Za'aba spelling Congress spelling Meaning عادل 'adil adil fair عالم 'alam alam nature علماء 'ulama ulama scholar
2. The phonemes shall be represented by letter Шаблон:Angbr only if they become the coda of the last morpheme. Example as follows
Jawi spelling Old spelling Congress spelling Meaning تيدق tida' tidak no أنق ana' anak child دودوق dudo' duduk sit
3. The phonemes shall be represented by either letter Шаблон:Angbr or Шаблон:Angbr, if they become the coda of the first morpheme. Example as follows
Jawi spelling Congress spelling Alternative spelling Meaning معلوم maklum ma'lum informed موءمين mukmin mu'min believer باءيق baik ba'ik good
4. To avoid confusion, the apostrophe Шаблон:Angbr can be used to represent phoneme of glottal stops only if it become onset for non-first morpheme. Therefore, Шаблон:Angbr (Malay Jawi for 'problem') should be spelled as Шаблон:Angbr in Rumi, not Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr or Шаблон:Angbr.
The letter Шаблон:Angbr
There are a total of four resolutions concerning the letter Шаблон:Angbr in the Congress Spelling System.[12]
1. If the Шаблон:IPAslink sound becomes the onset of the first syllable, it can be either maintained, removed or replaced with Шаблон:Angbr.
Congress spelling Alternative spelling Meaning hala 'ala direction hadap 'adap facing hulu 'ulu upstream hujan 'ujan rain
2. If the Шаблон:IPAslink is in between two similar vowels, the letter Шаблон:Angbr must be maintained instead of using Шаблон:Angbr
Congress spelling Wrong spelling Meaning bahan ba'aningredient leher le'erneck bohoñ bo'oñto lie
However, if the Шаблон:IPAslink is in between two different vowels, the letter Шаблон:Angbr can be either removed or maintained
Congress spelling Alternative spelling Meaning mahu mau want jahit jait to sew tahun taun year
3. For similar sounding words that carry different meaning, both rules of maintaining and removing Шаблон:Angbr are applied to differentiate their meaning.
Congress spelling Meaning Congress spelling Meaning tahu tofu tau to know bahu shoulder bau smell harus should arus current
4. For letter Шаблон:Angbr that becomes a coda for morpheme, it must be maintained
Congress spelling Wrong spelling Meaning lemah lemaweak tanah tanasoil boleh bolecan teduh teduto shelter rahsia rasiasecret mahkota makotacrown
Exceptions are given to Malay words that derived from foreign words. Therefore, Шаблон:Angbr ('school') can also be spelled as Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr ('Europe') can also be spelled as Шаблон:Angbr.
Hyphens
The use of hyphens commonly found in the old spellings, is discontinued in the Congress spelling except in three conditions; reduplication, compound words and for line breaks. Malay affixes like di-, ke-, ter-, -kan, -an, and particles like -lah, -tah, -kah, and -nya are no longer hyphenated, but combined with the words.[13]
Za'aba spelling Congress spelling Meaning bila-kah bilakah when apa-lah apalah what a
The hyphen remains in use between components of reduplicated words, like menari-nari ('keeps on dancing') and rumah-rumah ('houses'). However, for compound words like setia-usaha ('secretary'), jawatan-kuasa ('committee'), kerja-sama ('teamwork'), exceptions are given to compound words that already firmly embedded like matahari ('sun'), purbakala ('ancient'), and tanggungjawab ('responsibility').[14]
Adoption of Indonesian spelling
The Congress Spelling vehemently promoted the Indonesian Republican Spelling System, which in certain words, are deemed in harmony with the original pronunciation.[15]
Za'aba spelling Congress spelling Meaning ayer air water kerana karena because wang uang money erti arti meaning hairan héran astonish kurnia karunia gift kelmarin kemarin the day before yesterday ia-itu yaitu namely
Notes
Bibliography
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 3,7 3,8 3,9 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
