Английская Википедия:Dragon King

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For multi Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Infobox Chinese

The Dragon King, also known as the Dragon God, is a Chinese water and weather god. He is regarded as the dispenser of rain, commanding over all bodies of water. He is the collective personification of the ancient concept of the lóng in Chinese culture.

There are also the cosmological "Dragon Kings of the Four Seas" (Шаблон:Lang; Sihai Longwang).

Besides being a water deity, the Dragon God frequently also serves as a territorial tutelary deity, similarly to Tudigong "Lord of the Earth" and Houtu "Queen of the Earth".Шаблон:Sfnb

Singular Dragon King

The Dragon King has been regarded as holding dominion over all bodies of water,Шаблон:Efn and the dispenser of rain,Шаблон:Sfnb in rituals practiced into the modern era in China. One of his epithets is Dragon King of Wells and Springs.Шаблон:Sfnb

Rainmaking rituals

Шаблон:Also Dragon processions have been held on the fifth and sixth moon of the lunar calendar all over China, especially on the 13th day of the sixth moon, held to be the Dragon King's birthday, as ritualized supplication to the deity to make rain.Шаблон:Sfnb In Changli County, Hebei Province a procession of sorts carried an image of the Dragon King in a basket and made circuit around nearby villages, and the participants would put out in front of their house a piece of yellow paper calligraphed with the text: "The position [=tablet] of the Dragon King of the Four Seas Шаблон:Lang, Five Lakes, Eight Rivers and Nine Streams", sprinkle it with water using willow withes, and burning incense next to it. This ritual was practiced in North of China into the 20th century.Шаблон:Sfnb[1]

In the past, there used to be Dragon King miao shrines all over China, for the folk to engage in the worship of dragon kings, villages in farm countries would conduct rites dedicated to the Dragon Kings seeking rain.[2]

Daoist pantheon

Within the Daoist pantheon, the Dragon King is regarded the zoomorphic representation of the yang masculine power of generation. The dragon king is the king of the dragons and he also controls all of the creatures in the sea. The dragon king gets his orders from the Jade Emperor.Шаблон:Cn

Dragon Kings of the Five Regions

Шаблон:Sidebar

Historically there arose a cult of the Five Dragon Kings. The name Wufang longwang (Шаблон:Lang, "Dragon Kings of the Five Regions/Directions") is registered in Daoist scripture from the Tang dynasty, found in the Dunhuang caves.[3] Veneration of chthonic dragon god(s) of the five directions still persists today in southern areas, such as Canton and Fujian.[4] It has also been conflated with the cult of Lord Earth, Tugong (Tudigong), and inscriptions on tablets invoke the Wufang wutu longshen (Шаблон:Lang, "Dragon Spirits of the Five Directions and Five Soils") in rituals current in Southeast Asia (Vietnam).[5]

Description

The Azure Dragon or Blue-Green Dragon (Шаблон:Lang Qīnglóng), or Green Dragon (Шаблон:Lang Cānglóng), is the Dragon God of the east, and of the essence of spring.Шаблон:Sfnb The Red Dragon (Шаблон:Lang Chìlóng or Шаблон:Lang Zhūlóng, literally "Cinnabar Dragon", "Vermilion Dragon") is the Dragon God of the south and of the essence of summer.Шаблон:Sfnb The White Dragon (Шаблон:Lang Báilóng) is the Dragon God of the west and the essence of autumn. The Yellow Dragon (Шаблон:Lang Huánglóng) is the Dragon God of the center, associated with (late) summer.Шаблон:SfnbШаблон:Refn The Black Dragon (Шаблон:Lang Hēilóng), also called "Dark Dragon" or "Mysterious Dragon" (Шаблон:Lang Xuánlóng), is the Dragon God of the north and the essence of winter.Шаблон:Sfnb

Broad history

Файл:水陆画宝宁寺 四海龙王诸神众.jpg
Ming Dynasty Water and Land Ritual painting from Baoning Temple.
Файл:Yangjian taisui(1609).jpg
Yangjian taisui Wulong Tugong Tumu Zaoshen xiang (Ming dynasty, 1609AD)Шаблон:SfnbШаблон:RefnШаблон:Right

Dragons of the Five Regions/Directions existed in Chinese custom,Шаблон:Sfnb established by the Former Han period (Cf. §Origins below)Шаблон:Sfnb The same concept couched in "dragon king" (longwang) terminology was centuries later,Шаблон:Sfnb the term "dragon king" being imported from India (Sanskrit naga-raja),[6] vis Buddhism,[4] introduced in the 1st century AD during the Later Han.[7]

The five "Dragon Kings" which were correlated with the Five Colors and Five Directions are attested uniquely in one work among Buddhist scriptures (sūtra), called the Foshuo guanding jing (Шаблон:Lang; "Consecration Sūtra Expounded by the Buddha" early 4th century).Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfnb Attributed to Po-Srimitra, it is a pretended translation, or "apocryphal sutra" (post-canonical text),Шаблон:Sfnb[8] but its influence on later rituals (relating to entombment) is not dismissable.[8]

The dragon king cult was most active around the Sui-Tang dynasty, according to one scholar,Шаблон:Sfnb but another observes that the cult spread farther afield with the backing of Song dynasty monarchs who built Dragon King Temples (or rather Taoist shrines),[3] and Emperor Huizong of Song (12th century) conferred investiture upon them as local kings.[9] But the dragon king and other spell incantations came to be discouraged in Buddhism within China, because they were based on eclectic (apocryphal) sutras and the emphasis grew for the orthodox sutras,Шаблон:Sfnb or put another way, the quinary system (based on number 5) was being superseded by the number 8 or number 12 being held more sacred.Шаблон:Sfnb

During the Tang period, the dragon kings were also regarded as guardians that safeguard homes and pacify tombs, in conjunction with the worship of Lord Earth.Шаблон:Refn Buddhist rainmaking ritual learned Tang dynasty China by

The concept was transmitted to Japan alongside esoteric Buddhism,Шаблон:Efn and also practiced as rites in Onmyōdō during the Heian Period.[10][11]

Five dragons

(Origins)

The idea of associating the five directions/regions (wufang; Шаблон:Lang) with the five colors is found in Confucian classic text,Шаблон:Refn

The Huainanzi (2nd cent. BC) describes the five colored dragons (azure/green, red, white, black, yellow) and their associations (Chapter 4: Terrestrial Forms),[12][13][14] as well as the placement of sacred beasts in the five directions (the Four Symbols beasts, dragon, tiger, bird, tortoise in the four cardinal directions and the yellow dragon.Шаблон:Sfnb[15][16]

And the Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals attributed to Dong Zhongshu (2nd cent. BC) describes the ritual involving five colored dragons.Шаблон:Sfnb

Attestations of Five Dragon Kings

Consecration Sutra

The apocryphal[8] Foshuo guanding jing (Шаблон:Lang; "Consecration Sūtra Expounded by the Buddha" early 4th century, attributed to Po-Srimitra Шаблон:Lang), which purports to be Buddhist teachings but in fact incorporates elements of Chinese traditional belief,Шаблон:Refn associates five dragon kings with five colored dragons with five directions, as aforementioned.Шаблон:Sfnb

The text gives the personal names of the kings. To the east is the Blue Dragon Spirit King (Шаблон:Lang) named Axiuhe (Шаблон:Lang), with 49 dragon kings under him, with 70 myriad myllion lesser dragons, mountain spirits, and assorted mei Шаблон:Lang demons as minions. The thrust of this scripture is that in everywhere in every direction, there are the minions causing poisonings and ailments, and their lord the dragon kings must be beseeched in prayer to bring relief. In the south is the Red Dragon Spirit King named Natouhuati (Шаблон:Lang), in the west the White, called Helousachati (Шаблон:Lang), in the north the Blue, called Nayetilou (Шаблон:Lang) and at center the Yellow, called Duluoboti (Шаблон:Lang), with different numbers subordinate dragon kings, with minion hordes of lesser dragons and other beings.[17][18] Though connection of poison to rainmaking may not be obvious, it has been suggested that this poison-banishing sutra could have viably been read as a replacement in the execution of the ritual to pray for rain (shōugyōhō, Шаблон:Lang), in Japan.Шаблон:Sfnp A medieval commentary (Ryūō-kōshiki, copied 1310) has reasoned that since the Great Peacock (Mahāmāyūrī) sūtra mandates one to chant dragon names in order to detoxify, so shall offerings made to dragon lead to "sweet rain".Шаблон:Sfnb

Divine Incantations Scripture

The wangfang ("five position") dragon kings are also attested in the Taishang dongyuan shenzhou jing (Шаблон:Lang; "Most High Cavernous Abyss Divine Spells Scripture"Шаблон:Efn),[3] though not explicitly under the collective name of "five position dragon kings", but individually as "Eastern Direction's Blue Emperor Blue Dragon King (Шаблон:Lang)", and so forth.[19] It gives a laundry list of dragon kings by different names, stating that spells to cause rain can be performed by invoking dragon kings.Шаблон:Sfnb

Ritual process

An ancient procedural instruction for invoking five-colored dragons to conduct rainmaking rites occurs in the Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals, under its "Seeking Rain" chapter (originally 2nd century B.C.). It prescribes earthenware figurines of greater and lesser dragons of a specific color according to season, namely blue-green, red, yellow, white, black, depending on whether it was spring, summer, late summer (Шаблон:Illm), autumn, or winter. And these figures were to be placed upon the alter at the assigned position/direction (east, south, center, west, or north).Шаблон:Refn

This Chinese folk rain ritual later became incorporated into Daoism.Шаблон:Sfnb The rituals were codified into Daoist scripture or Buddhist sūtras in the post-Later Han (Шаблон:Illm) period,Шаблон:Sfnb but Dragon King worship did not come into ascendancy until the Sui-Tang dynasties.Шаблон:Sfnb The rain rituals in Esoteric Buddhism in the Tang dynasty was actually an adaptation of indigenous Chinese dragon worship and rainmaking beliefs, rather than pure Buddhism.Шаблон:Sfnb

As a point of illustration, a comparison can be made against Buddhist procedures for rainmaking during the Tang dynasty. The rainmaking tract in the Шаблон:IllmШаблон:Efn (Book 11, under the chapter for "Rain Prayer Altar Method, qiyu tanfa; Шаблон:Lang) prescribes an altar to be built, with mud figures of dragon kings placed on the four sides, and numerous mud-made lesser dragons arranged within and without the altar.Шаблон:SfnbШаблон:Refn

Dragon Kings of the Four Seas

Файл:Template of Dragon King at Sanya.JPG
Temple of the Dragon King of the South Sea in Sanya, Hainan.

Each one of the four Dragon Kings of the Four Seas (Шаблон:Lang Sìhǎi Lóngwáng) is associated with a body of water corresponding to one of the four cardinal directions and natural boundaries of China:Шаблон:Sfnb the East Sea (corresponding to the East China Sea), the South Sea (corresponding to the South China Sea), the West Sea (Qinghai Lake), and the North Sea (Lake Baikal).

They appear in the classical novels like The Investiture of the Gods and Journey to the West, where each of them has a proper name, and they share the surname Ao (Шаблон:Lang, meaning "playing" or "proud").

Dragon of the Eastern Sea

Шаблон:Main article His proper name is Ao Guang (Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang), and he is the patron of the East China Sea.

Dragon of the Western Sea

Шаблон:Main His proper names are Ao Run (Шаблон:Lang), Ao Jun (Шаблон:Lang) or Ao Ji (Шаблон:Lang). He is the patron of Qinghai Lake.

Dragon of the Southern Sea

He is the patron of the South China Sea and his proper name is Ao Qin (Шаблон:Lang).

Dragon of the Northern Sea

His proper names are Ao Shun (Шаблон:Lang) or Ao Ming (Шаблон:Lang), and his body of water is Lake Baikal.

Japan

As already mentioned, Esoteric Buddhists in Japan who initially learned their trade from Tang dynasty China engaged in rainmaking ritual prayers invoking dragon kings under a system known as Шаблон:Illm or shōugyō [no] hō, established in the Shingon sect founded by the priest Kūkai, who learned Buddhism in Tang China. It was first performed by Kūkai in the year 824 at Shinsen'en, according to legend, but the first occasion probably took place historically in the year 875, then a second time in 891. The rain ritual came to be performed regularly.Шаблон:SfnbШаблон:SfnbШаблон:Sfnb

The shōugyōhō ritual used two mandalas that featured dragon kings. The Great Mandala that was hung up was of a design that centered around Sakyamuni Buddha, surrounded by the Шаблон:Illm, the ten thousand dragon kings, Bodhisattvas (based on the Dayunlun qingyu jing Шаблон:Lang, "Scripture of [Summoning] Great Clouds and Petitioning for Rain").Шаблон:Sfnb[20]Шаблон:Sfnb The other one was a "spread-out mandala”(shiki mandara Шаблон:Lang) laid flat out on its back, and depicted five dragon kings, which were one-, three-, five-, seven-, and nine-headed (based on the Collected Dhāraṇī Sūtras).Шаблон:Sfnb

Also, there was the "Five Dragons Festival/ritual" (Goryūsai. Шаблон:Lang) that was performed by onmyōji or yin-yang masters.[11]Шаблон:Sfnb The oldest mention of this in literature is from Fusō Ryakuki, the entry of Engi 2/902AD, 17th day of the 6th moon.Шаблон:Sfnb Sometimes, the performance of the rain ritual by Esoteric Buddhists (shōugyōhō) would be followed in succession by the Five Dragons Ritual from the Шаблон:Illm.Шаблон:Sfnb The Five Dragon rites performed by the onmyōji or yin yang masters had their heyday around the 10–11th centuries.Шаблон:Sfnb There are mokkan, or inscribed wooden tablets, used in these rites that have been unearthed (e.g., from an 8–10th century site and a 9th-century site).Шаблон:Sfnb

In Japan, there also developed a legend that the primordial being Banko (Pangu of Chinese myth) sired the Five Dragon Kings, who were invoked in the ritual texts or Шаблон:Illm read in Shinto or Onmyōdō rites, but the five beings later began to be seen less as monsters and more as wise princes.Шаблон:Sfnb


Worship of the Dragon God

Worship of the Dragon God is celebrated throughout China with sacrifices and processions during the fifth and sixth moons, and especially on the date of his birthday the thirteenth day of the sixth moon.Шаблон:Sfnb A folk religious movement of associations of good-doing in modern Hebei is primarily devoted to a generic Dragon God whose icon is a tablet with his name inscribed on it, utilized in a ritual known as the "movement of the Dragon Tablet".[21] The Dragon God is traditionally venerated with dragon boat racing.

In coastal regions of China, Korea, Vietnam, traditional legends and worshipping of whales (whale gods) have been referred to Dragon Kings after the arrival of Buddhism.[22]

Buddhism

Some Buddhist traditions describe a figure named Duo-luo-shi-qi or Talasikhin as a Dragon King who lives in a palace located in a pond near the legendary kingdom of Ketumati. It is said that during midnight he used to drizzle in this pond to cleanse himself of dust.[23]

Artistic depictions

See also

Шаблон:Chinese folk religion

Explanatory notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

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  1. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок naoe1980 не указан текст
  2. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок heibonsha-ryuoshinko не указан текст
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок wang.fang не указан текст
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок aratake не указан текст
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp on Vietnamese custom; p. 53 on Lord Earth veneration with five dragon kings as ancillaries.
  6. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок tan_chung не указан текст
  7. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок lock&linebarger не указан текст
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок sun не указан текст
  9. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок dore1917 не указан текст
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp, p. 72 (abstract); pp. 76–77: "the gods of the Five Directions, called the Five Dragons (goryū Шаблон:Lang or the Five Emperors (gotei Шаблон:Lang). "
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок drakakis не указан текст
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite wikisource
  13. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок huainanzi-tr-major4.19 не указан текст
  14. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок huang.fushan не указан текст
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite wikisource
  16. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок huainanzi-tr-major3.6 не указан текст
  17. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок yamaguchi.kenji не указан текст
  18. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок higashi2006 не указан текст
  19. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок taishang_dongyuan_juan13 не указан текст
  20. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок iwata-ch32 не указан текст
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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