Английская Википедия:Finnish orthography

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:See also Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Use American English Шаблон:IPA notice Finnish orthography is based on the Latin script, and uses an alphabet derived from the Swedish alphabet, officially comprising twenty-nine letters but also including two additional letters found in some loanwords. The Finnish orthography strives to represent all morphemes phonologically and, roughly speaking, the sound value of each letter tends to correspond with its value in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) – although some discrepancies do exist.

Alphabet

Шаблон:Listen The following table describes how each letter in the Finnish alphabet (Шаблон:Lang-fi) is spelled and pronounced separately. If the name of a consonant begins with a vowel (usually Шаблон:Vr Шаблон:IPA), it can be pronounced and spelled either as a monosyllabic or bisyllabic word.^[1] In practice, the names of the letters are rarely spelled, as people usually just type the (uppercase or lowercase) glyph when they want to refer to a particular letter.

The pronunciation instructions enclosed in slashes are broad transcriptions based on the IPA system. In notes, more narrow transcriptions are enclosed in square brackets.

Glyphs	Name	Name pronunciation	Notes on usage (for more, see Finnish phonology)
A, a	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA
B, b	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA	Occurs in relatively new loanwords, such as Шаблон:Lang 'banana' and Шаблон:Lang 'bus'. Typically represents Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA.
C, c	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA	Occurs in unestablished loanwords, such as Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang. Typically represents Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA.
D, d	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA	In present standard language, Шаблон:Vr stands for Шаблон:IPA, but it represents Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA, and the pronunciation in dialects varies greatly. Natively used in Western dialects as Шаблон:IPA and not at all in Eastern dialects.
E, e	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA	The precise pronunciation tends to be between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.
F, f	Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, occasionally Шаблон:IPA	Occurs in relatively new loanwords, such as Шаблон:Lang 'asphalt' or Шаблон:Lang 'uniform'. Historically and in dialectal pronunciation (apart from some Western dialects), Шаблон:IPA is typically replaced with Шаблон:IPA or medially Шаблон:IPA (e.g. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ← Swedish Шаблон:Lang 'coffee'). Even newer loanwords may have an alternative spelling where Шаблон:Vr has replaced Шаблон:Vr (Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang).
G, g	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA	Occurs natively in the [[Ng (digraph)\|digraph Шаблон:Vr]], which marks the long velar nasal Шаблон:IPA (with no Шаблон:IPA sound). Otherwise Шаблон:Vr only occurs in relatively new loanwords, such as Шаблон:Lang 'gala' and Шаблон:Lang 'gene'. Typically represents Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA.
H, h	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA	Normally a voiceless fricative, but the precise pronunciation depends on the preceding vowel; between two vowels may be pronounced as breathy-voiced Шаблон:IPA.
I, i	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA
J, j	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA	Without exception Шаблон:IPA (English consonant Шаблон:Vr), as in German and Swedish, never fricative or affricate as in French or English.
K, k	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA
L, l	Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, occasionally Шаблон:IPA
M, m	Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, occasionally Шаблон:IPA
N, n	Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, occasionally Шаблон:IPA
O, o	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA	The precise pronunciation tends to be between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.
P, p	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA
Q, q	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA	Mainly occurs in foreign proper names (in loanwords digraph Шаблон:Vr has often been replaced with Шаблон:Vr). Typically represents Шаблон:IPA, though some speakers mispronounce it as Шаблон:IPA.
R, r	Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, occasionally Шаблон:IPA
S, s	Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, occasionally Шаблон:IPA
T, t	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA	The precise pronunciation tends to be dental Шаблон:IPA rather than alveolar Шаблон:IPA.
U, u	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA	The precise pronunciation tends to be between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.
V, v	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA	Typically represents approximant Шаблон:IPA rather than fricative Шаблон:IPA.
W, w	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA	The "double-v" may occur natively as an archaic variant of Шаблон:Vr, but otherwise in unestablished loanwords and foreign proper names only. It occurs in some rare surnames such as Шаблон:Lang (e.g. Mika Waltari, a world-famous author) or in some rare first names such as Шаблон:Lang (e.g. Werner Söderström, a well-known publisher). In collation the letter Шаблон:Vr is treated mostly like Шаблон:Vr. Typically represents Шаблон:IPA.
X, x	Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, occasionally Шаблон:IPA	Occurs in unestablished loanwords, such as taxi or fax, but there is often a preferred alternative where Шаблон:Vr has been replaced with digraph Шаблон:Vr (Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang). Typically represents Шаблон:IPA.
Y, y	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA	The precise pronunciation tends to be between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.
Z, z	Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA	Occurs in unestablished loanwords, such as Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'zenith' or Шаблон:Lang, but there may be an alternative spelling with Шаблон:Vr (e.g. Шаблон:Lang). Typically represents Шаблон:IPA (like in German), but sometimes Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA.
Å, å	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA	The "Swedish Шаблон:Vr", carried over from the Swedish alphabet and redundant in Finnish; retained especially for writing Finland-Swedish proper names (such as Ståhlberg). All Finnish words containing Шаблон:Vr are names; there it represents Шаблон:IPA (identically to Шаблон:Vr).
Ä, ä	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA
Ö, ö	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA	The precise pronunciation tends to be between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.

In addition, Шаблон:Vr is sometimes listed separately and after Шаблон:Vr, although officially it is merely a variant of the latter and can be alphabetized as Шаблон:Vr.^[2] Similarly, Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr are variants of Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr, but they are often overlooked, as they are only used in some relatively new loanwords and foreign names, and may be replaced with Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr, respectively,^[3] if it is technically impossible to reproduce Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr.^[4] The Finnish keyboard layout on Microsoft Windows does not include Шаблон:Vr or Шаблон:Vr; thus, in practice, only highly formal sources such as official texts, encyclopedias or Helsingin Sanomat use them.

Glyphs	Name	Name pronunciation	Notes on usage (for more, see Finnish phonology)
Š, š	Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang; Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA; Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA	The "Шаблон:Vr with caron" is a rare variant of Шаблон:Vr. It occurred in some relatively new loanwords, such as Шаблон:Lang 'chess' and Шаблон:Lang 'shilling', but is often replaced with digraph Шаблон:Vr (Шаблон:Lang → Шаблон:Lang) or, in more established loanwords, with plain Шаблон:Vr (Шаблон:Lang). In theory it represents Шаблон:IPA but actual pronunciation may vary.
Ž, ž	Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA	The "Шаблон:Vr with caron" is a rare variant of Шаблон:Vr. It occurs in some unestablished loanwords, such as Шаблон:Lang 'junk', and foreign proper names, but is often replaced with digraph Шаблон:Vr. In theory represents Шаблон:IPA but the actual pronunciation may vary.

The extra letters Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr

Файл:Mynamaki bus station sign.jpg

The sign at the bus station of the Finnish municipality Mynämäki, illustrating a variation of the letter Шаблон:Vr.

The main peculiarities in the Finnish alphabet are the two extra vowel letters Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr (accompanied by the Swedish Шаблон:Vr, which is actually not needed for writing Finnish). In Finnish, these extra letters are collectively referred to as the Шаблон:Lang when they need to be distinguished from the ISO basic Latin alphabet; the word is a somewhat playful modification of Шаблон:Lang, which is the Finnish for the alphabet as a whole. Another informal term is Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang, which is short for Шаблон:Lang "Scandinavian characters" (however, the Danish and Norwegian variants Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr are usually not taken into account).

In Finnish, the letters Шаблон:Vr, Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr are the "front vowel" counterparts to the "back vowel" letters Шаблон:Vr, Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr — grammatical endings and word suffixes using these letters will use either the front or back form depending on the vowel harmony of the word they are affixed to. The glyphs for Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr are derived from the similar looking German umlauted letters, but as with Шаблон:Vr versus Шаблон:Vr, they are considered letters in their own right and thus alphabetized separately (after Шаблон:Vr).

The Germanic umlaut or convention of considering digraph Шаблон:Vr equivalent to Шаблон:Vr, and Шаблон:Vr equivalent to Шаблон:Vr is inapplicable in Finnish. Moreover, in Finnish, both Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr are vowel sequences, not single letters, and they have independent meanings (e.g. Шаблон:Lang "I seek" vs. Шаблон:Lang "he, she").

In handwritten text, the actual form of the extra marking may vary from a pair of dots to a pair of short vertical bars, to a single horizontal bar, or to a wavy line resembling a tilde. In practice, almost any diacritic situated above the base glyph (for example, Шаблон:Vr) would probably be interpreted as a carelessly written pair of dots (Шаблон:Vr). However, in computerized character sets, these alternatives are incorrect. The front-vowel counterpart of Шаблон:Vr using the glyph Шаблон:Vr rather than Шаблон:Vr is carried over from Swedish, and additionally avoids confusion in cursive script with Шаблон:Vr, which is common in Finnish.

Non-native letters in the Finnish alphabet

Файл:Bank of Aland and Nokia.jpg

Ålandsbanken 'Bank of Åland' uses a stylized letter Шаблон:Vr in its logotype.

In the Finnish writing system, some basic Latin letters are considered redundant, and other letters generally represent sounds that are not inherent in the Finnish language. Thus, they are not used in established Finnish words, but they may occur in newer loanwords as well as in foreign proper names, and they are included in the Finnish alphabet in order to maintain interlingual compatibility. The pronunciation of these letters varies quite a lot.

The redundant letters are often replaced with more common alternatives in Finnish, except in proper names. They include Шаблон:Vr (which may be replaced with either Шаблон:Vr or Шаблон:Vr), Шаблон:Vr (which is usually replaced with Шаблон:Vr, and particularly Шаблон:Vr with Шаблон:Vr), and Шаблон:Vr (which is replaced with Шаблон:Vr). In addition, the Swedish Шаблон:Vr is redundant from the Finnish point of view, as its pronunciation is more or less equivalent to the Finnish way of pronouncing Шаблон:Vr. It is officially included in the Finnish alphabet so that keyboards etc. would be compatible with Swedish, which is one of the two official languages in Finland, as well as for the reproduction of Swedish proper names, which are quite common in Finland, even as surnames of monolingual speakers of Finnish.
The letters representing foreign sounds can be found in relatively new loanwords, but in more established loanwords they have been replaced with alternatives that better reflect the typical Finnish pronunciation, e.g. Шаблон:Lang 'coffee', Шаблон:Lang 'beard'. The letters include Шаблон:Vr, Шаблон:Vr, and Шаблон:Vr (which is also used to mark the inherent velar nasal Шаблон:IPA, however). From a historical point of view, even Шаблон:Vr could be said to belong to this group, but the Шаблон:IPA sound has long been an established part of standard language.
The letters Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr could be classified into both of the aforementioned groups. The Шаблон:IPA sound is not regarded as a phoneme in Finnish, but historically Шаблон:Vr was used to mark Шаблон:IPA (or, rather, Шаблон:IPA), as in Dutch, German or Polish. Although this is today considered archaic and Шаблон:Vr is used instead, Шаблон:Vr may still occur in some old surnames as a variant of Шаблон:Vr. Occasionally this can also be applied for faux-archaic effect, as in Шаблон:Lang "Ye Olde Harbour". Likewise, the Шаблон:Vr is not native to Finnish, but Шаблон:Vr (or Шаблон:Vr) was formerly used to denote Шаблон:IPA (as in German). It is still often represents Шаблон:IPA, but its pronunciation varies greatly: some speakers may pronounce it Шаблон:IPA, or sometimes Шаблон:IPA.
The letters Шаблон:Vr Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:Vr Шаблон:IPA (Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr with caron) are officially recommended instead of Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr for transliteration from another alphabet, although in practice, Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr are often used. For example, Russian Шаблон:Lang (transcribed Brezhnev in English) is transliterated Шаблон:Lang. However, these sounds are foreign to the Finnish language, the letters do not appear on Finnish keyboards and their pronunciation is not consistent. The Шаблон:IPA sound is familiar to most Finnish speakers and quite commonly used in many loanwords, e.g. Шаблон:Lang 'chess', Шаблон:Lang, but Шаблон:IPA is restricted to foreign words only.

Collation order

In Finnish, words are ordered alphabetically according to the collation rules specified in the official standard SFS 4600.^[2] There are a few cases where Finnish collation is different from the rules applied in English:

Шаблон:Vr, Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr are regarded as distinct letters and collated after Шаблон:Vr
Шаблон:Vr is generally regarded as equivalent to Шаблон:Vr (in a multilingual context it may, however, be collated separately after Шаблон:Vr, as in English).

Diacritics are never added to letters in native Finnish words (as the dots above the Finnish graphemes Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr are not considered diacritics). Generally, diacritics are retained in foreign-language proper names, e.g. Vilén, if possible, but when arranging words alphabetically, diacritics are usually ignored (this also applies to Шаблон:Vr and Шаблон:Vr, despite them being an officially recognized part of Finnish orthography). There are, however, some exceptions:

German and Turkish Шаблон:Vr and Hungarian Шаблон:Vr are alphabetized as Шаблон:Vr, not as Шаблон:Vr
Danish and Norwegian Шаблон:Vr, Estonian Шаблон:Vr and Hungarian Шаблон:Vr are alphabetized as Шаблон:Vr, not as Шаблон:Vr.

The standard does not specify how one should alphabetize the letter Шаблон:Vr when used in other languages than German, but at least as regards the Estonian or Hungarian Шаблон:Vr, it seems consistent to treat it as equivalent to Шаблон:Vr (and even more so, since Шаблон:Vr in Estonian and Hungarian is not considered a mere variant of Шаблон:Vr, as it is in German). It would seem problematic, however, to apply the same principle to e.g. Шаблон:Vr (u-diaeresis) as used in Spanish or Шаблон:Vr (nasal vowel) as used in Portuguese, as these letters represent quite different orthographic traditions.

Other special cases:

Sami Шаблон:Vr (eng) is alphabetized as Шаблон:Vr
Sami Шаблон:Vr (Шаблон:Vr with stroke) and Icelandic Шаблон:Vr (eth) are alphabetized as Шаблон:Vr
Icelandic Шаблон:Vr (thorn) is alphabetized as Шаблон:Vr
Polish Шаблон:Vr (Шаблон:Vr with stroke) is alphabetized as Шаблон:Vr.

Ligatures are alphabetized as two individual letters:

Шаблон:Vr is alphabetized as Шаблон:Vr (not as Шаблон:Vr)
Шаблон:Vr is alphabetized as Шаблон:Vr (not as Шаблон:Vr)
Шаблон:Vr is alphabetized as Шаблон:Vr.

Letters and characters taken from other alphabets (e.g. Σ 'Greek capital letter sigma') or writing systems are collated after Latin letters.

Orthographic principles

Шаблон:See also When writing Finnish, the foundational principle is that each letter stands for one sound and each sound is always represented by the same letter, within the bounds of a single morpheme. The most notable exception to this rule is the velar nasal Шаблон:IPA, which does not have an allotted letter.

Short and long sounds

In Finnish, both vowels and consonants may be either short or long. A short sound is written with a single letter, and a long sound is written with a double letter (digraph). It is necessary to recognize the difference between such words as Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'fire', Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'wind' and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'customs'. However, long consonants are sometimes written as short consonants in morpheme boundaries (see Finnish phonology#Sandhi for this phenomenon), thus, Шаблон:IPA is written as Шаблон:Lang "open-box bed for wood chips" instead of expected *hakellava, and Шаблон:IPA is Шаблон:Lang "come here" instead of *tule ttänne or *tulet tänne.

In syllabification, a long consonant is always regarded as having a syllable break in the middle (as in Шаблон:IPA), but a long vowel (or a diphthong) is regarded as a single unit that functions as the nucleus of a syllable. Either a long or short vowel may occur in a stressed as well as unstressed syllable. The phonetic quality of a vowel remains the same regardless of whether the vowel is long or short, or whether it is stressed or unstressed.

Velar nasal

The velar nasal Шаблон:IPA (generally referred to as Шаблон:Lang 'the eng sound') does not have a letter of its own. Natively, a short Шаблон:IPA only occurs before Шаблон:IPA, and it is simply written with Шаблон:Vr, as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'shoe'. Since the alveolar nasal Шаблон:IPA can not occur in such a position, Шаблон:IPA can be seen as an allophone of Шаблон:IPA. However, if the Шаблон:IPA is weakened (because of a phenomenon called consonant gradation that occurs when the word is inflected), the result is a long, or geminated, velar nasal Шаблон:IPA that is written with digraph Шаблон:Vr, as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'shoes'. The geminated Шаблон:IPA is not an allophone of geminated Шаблон:IPA, since minimal pairs do exist: Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'textile' vs. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'isthmus'.

The treatment of the velar nasal in loanwords is highly inconsistent, often mixing the original spelling of the word with an applied Finnish pronunciation pattern. Шаблон:Lang "England" is pronounced Шаблон:IPA (with a short Шаблон:IPA but no Шаблон:IPA), and even Шаблон:Lang "magnet" is pronounced Шаблон:IPA (with plain Шаблон:Vr being pronounced as Шаблон:IPA when followed by Шаблон:Vr, as in classical Latin) – cf. a more specialized term Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'diagnosis', and in a word-initial position Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "gnu". Following the typical Finnish pronunciation pattern, Шаблон:Lang "congestion" is often pronounced Шаблон:IPA, but Шаблон:IPA may also occur.

Voiced plosives

Traditionally, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are not counted as Finnish phonemes, since they only appear in loanwords. However, these borrowings being relatively common, they are nowadays considered part of the educated norm. The failure to use them correctly is sometimes ridiculed, e.g. if a news reporter or a high official consistently and publicly pronounces Шаблон:Lang 'Belgium' as Шаблон:IPA. Even many educated speakers, however, still make no distinction between voiced and voiceless plosives in regular speech, although minimal pairs exist: Шаблон:IPA 'bus' vs. Шаблон:IPA 'bag', Шаблон:IPA 'gorilla' vs. Шаблон:IPA 'with/at a basket'.

The status of Шаблон:IPA is somewhat different from Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, since it appears in native Finnish words, too, as a regular "weak" correspondence of the voiceless Шаблон:IPA (as a result of consonant gradation), and even in the infinitives of many verbs, such as Шаблон:Lang, "to eat". At the time when Mikael Agricola, the "father" of literary Finnish, devised a system for writing the language, this sound still had the value of the voiced dental fricative Шаблон:IPA, as in English "then". Since neither Swedish nor German of that time had a separate sign for this sound, Agricola chose to mark it with Шаблон:Vr or Шаблон:Vr.

Later on, the Шаблон:IPA sound developed in a variety of ways in different Finnish dialects: it was deleted, or became a hiatus, a flap consonant, or any of Шаблон:Vr, Шаблон:Vr, Шаблон:Vr, Шаблон:Vr. For example, historical and rare dialectal Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang "our" (gen.), "hand" (gen.) could be:

In the middle of the 19th century, a significant portion of the Swedish-speaking upper class in Finland decided that Finnish had to be made equal in usage to Swedish.Шаблон:Citation needed They even started using Finnish as their home language, even while very few of them really mastered it well. Since the historical Шаблон:IPA no more had a common way of pronunciation between different Finnish dialects and since it was usually written as Шаблон:Vr, many started using the Swedish pronunciation Шаблон:IPA, which eventually became the educated norm.

Initially, few native speakers of Finnish acquired the foreign plosive realisation of the native phoneme. Still some decades ago it was not entirely exceptional to hear loanwords like Шаблон:Lang 'deodorant' pronounced as Шаблон:IPA, while native Finnish words with a Шаблон:IPA were pronounced in the usual dialectal way. Nowadays, the Finnish language spoken by native Swedish speakers is not anymore considered paradigmatic, but as a result of their long-lasting prestige, many people particularly in the capital district acquired the new Шаблон:IPA sound. Due to diffusion of the standard language through mass media and basic education, and due to the dialectal prestige of the capital area, the plosive Шаблон:IPA can now be heard in all parts of the country, at least in loanwords and in formal speech. Nowadays replacing Шаблон:IPA with a Шаблон:IPA is considered rustic, for example Шаблон:IPA instead of Шаблон:IPA 'now we could use a new directive'.

Väinö Linna uses Шаблон:Vr as a hallmark of unpleasant command language in the novel The Unknown Soldier. Lieutenant Lammio was a native Helsinkian, and his language was considered haughty upper-class speech. On the other hand, private Asumaniemi's (another native Helsinkian) Шаблон:Vr raised no irritation, as he spoke Helsinki slang as his everyday speech.

In Helsinki slang, the slang used by some, more rarely nowadays, in Helsinki, the voiced stops are found in native words even in positions which are not the result of consonant gradation, e.g. Шаблон:IPA 's/he walked' (← native verb root Шаблон:Lang), Шаблон:IPA 'to understand' (← Russian Шаблон:IPA понимать). In the Southwestern dialects of Rauma-Eurajoki-Laitila area, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are commonplace, since the voicing of nasals spread to phonemes Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, making them half-voiced, e.g. Шаблон:IPA ← Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:IPA ← Шаблон:Lang. They are also found in those coastal areas where Swedish influenced the speech.

The spelling alphabet

Letter	spelling name
A, a	Шаблон:Lang
B, b	Шаблон:Lang
C, c	Шаблон:Lang
D, d	Шаблон:Lang
E, e	Шаблон:Lang
F, f	Шаблон:Lang
G, g	Шаблон:Lang
H, h	Шаблон:Lang
I, i	Шаблон:Lang
J, j	Шаблон:Lang
K, k	Шаблон:Lang
L, l	Шаблон:Lang
M, m	Шаблон:Lang
N, n	Шаблон:Lang
O, o	Шаблон:Lang
P, p	Шаблон:Lang
Q, q	Шаблон:Lang
R, r	Шаблон:Lang
S, s	Шаблон:Lang
T, t	Шаблон:Lang
U, u	Шаблон:Lang
V, v	Шаблон:Lang
W, w	Шаблон:Lang
X, x	Шаблон:Lang
Y, y	Шаблон:Lang
Z, z	Шаблон:Lang
Å, å	Шаблон:Lang
Ä, ä	Шаблон:Lang
Ö, ö	Шаблон:Lang

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Omniglot: writing systems and languages of the world: Finnish
Letters in Finnish
Finnish pronunciation (compared to English, IPA available)

Шаблон:Language orthographies

↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Länsimäki не указан текст
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Korpela не указан текст
↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Saukkonen не указан текст
↑ This rule is stated in the standard SFS 4900 (Transliteration of Cyrillic characters: Slavic languages), p. 7.

[Länsimäki-1] Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Länsimäki не указан текст

[Korpela-2] 2,0 ^2,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Korpela не указан текст

[Saukkonen-3] Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Saukkonen не указан текст

[4] This rule is stated in the standard SFS 4900 (Transliteration of Cyrillic characters: Slavic languages), p. 7.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

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