Английская Википедия:German Braille
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Multiples issues Шаблон:Infobox writing system German Braille is one of the older braille alphabets. The French-based order of the letter assignments was largely settled on with the 1878 convention that decided the standard for international braille. However, the assignments for German letters beyond the 26 of the basic Latin alphabet are mostly unrelated to French values.
Letters
In numerical order by decade, the letters are:
The generic accent sign, Шаблон:Bc, is used with foreign names such as Шаблон:Bc Molière that have accented letters not found in German. There are numerous contractions and abbreviations.
Punctuation
Punctuation is as follows:
Only the first asterisk is marked with dot 6, so print *** is in braille Шаблон:Bc.
| Шаблон:Braille cell § |
Шаблон:Braille cell Art. |
Шаблон:Braille cell & |
Шаблон:Braille cell @ |
Шаблон:Braille cell ° |
Шаблон:Braille cell ′ |
Шаблон:Braille cell ″ |
Шаблон:Bc is the Artikel sign, marking an article of a document.
| Шаблон:Braille cell...Шаблон:Braille cell „ ... “ |
Шаблон:Braille cell...Шаблон:Braille cell ‘ ... ’ |
Шаблон:Braille cell...Шаблон:Braille cell ( ... ) |
Шаблон:Braille cell...Шаблон:Braille cell [ ... ] |
For the brackets of phonetic transcription, German Braille uses a modified form, Шаблон:Bc...Шаблон:Bc.
Additional punctuation and symbols, especially mathematical, are explained in the external reference below.
Numbers
Numbers are introduced with the sign Шаблон:Bc. They are dropped to decade 5 for ordinals and for the denominator of fractions.
So, for example, Шаблон:Bc is Шаблон:Angle bracket, while Шаблон:Bc is Шаблон:Angle bracket (4th), and Шаблон:Bc is Шаблон:Angle bracket́.
| Шаблон:Braille cell (num.) |
Шаблон:Braille cell % |
Шаблон:Braille cell ‰ |
The percent sign requires the number sign even after a number: Шаблон:Bc Шаблон:Angle bracket; otherwise it would look like the (undefined) fraction Шаблон:Frac.
In a compound fraction, a repeat of the number sign separate the units from the fraction: Шаблон:Bc Шаблон:Angle bracket.
Formatting
| Шаблон:Braille cell (num.) |
Шаблон:Braille cell (Caps) |
Шаблон:Braille cell (CAPS) |
Шаблон:Braille cell (ALL CAPS) |
Шаблон:Braille cell (l.c.) |
Шаблон:Braille cell (emphasis) |
Шаблон:Braille cell (end) |
The emphasis sign (for italics, underline, or bold) is marked with an extra point, Шаблон:Bc, when it occurs in the middle of a word. It is doubled, Шаблон:Bc, when more than one word is emphasized, in which case the ending sign Шаблон:Bc will be required at the end of the last word.
The all-caps sign is used for initialisms and the like. Doubled, it is used for all-cap text, such as titles, and the same ending sign, Шаблон:Bc, is used. Names with initials, such as J.S. Bach, do not require the cap sign. The lower-case sign Шаблон:Bc is used to mark mixed case or exceptions to expected capitalization; as such, it replaces the apostrophe that sets off the plural -s in print:
(Note the initialism sign can be used for a single letter.)
Lower-case metric units are marked as lower-case: Шаблон:Bc Шаблон:Angle bracket. This is useful, as it ends the scope of the number sign Шаблон:Bc:
See also
- Moon type is a simplification of the Latin alphabet for embossing. An adaptation for German-reading blind people has been proposed.
Notes
References
Sources
