Русская Википедия:Медаль Хьюза
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Медаль Хьюза (Шаблон:Lang-en) — награда Лондонского королевского общества, присуждаемая «за оригинальные открытия в области физических наук, особенно связанных с производством, хранением и использованием энергии». Учреждена в честь изобретателя Дэвида Хьюза[1]. С 2011 года вручается раз в два года.
Впервые медаль была вручена в 1902 году, её получил Джозеф Томсон «за большой вклад в науку об электричестве». С тех пор она вручалась ежегодно, лишь в 1924 и 2009 годах по неизвестной причине никто не был удостоен медали. В отличие от других наград Лондонского королевского общества, медаль Хьюза никогда не присуждалась дважды одному и тому же лауреату[1].
Бывали случаи, когда медаль присуждалась одновременно нескольким учёным: в 1938 году Джону Кокрофту и Эрнесту Уолтону, в 1981 году Питеру Хиггсу и Тому Кибблу, в 1982 году её получили Драммонд Мэтьюз и Фредерик Вайн, а в 1988 году Арчибальд Хоуи и М. Уилан[1].
Награда присуждается гражданам стран Содружества наций и Ирландии, или же работающим в них не менее трёх лет иностранным учёным. Медаль выполнена из серебра с позолотой и сопровождается денежной премией в размере 2000 фунтов[1].
Медалью награждены 30 лауреатов Нобелевской премии.
Награждённые медалью Хьюза
| Год | Имя | Обоснование |
|---|---|---|
| 1902 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Джозеф Джон Томсон | "For his numerous contributions to electric science, especially in reference to the phenomena of electric discharge in gases" |
| 1903 | Иоганн Вильгельм Гитторф | "For his long continued experimental researches on the electric discharge in liquids and gases" |
| 1904 | Джозеф Уилсон Суон | "For his invention of the incandescent lamp, and his other inventions and improvements in the practical applications of electricity" |
| 1905 | Аугусто Риги | "For his experimental researches in electrical science, including electric vibrations" |
| 1906 | Герта Маркс Айртон | "For her experimental investigations on the electric arc, and also on sand ripples" |
| 1907 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his contributions to exact physical measurement" |
| 1908 | Ойген Гольдштейн | "For his discoveries on the nature of electric discharge in rarefied gasses" |
| 1909 | Ричард Глейзбрук | "For his researches on electrical standards" |
| 1910 | Флеминг Джон Амброз | "For his researches in electricity and electrical measurements" |
| 1911 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Чарлз Томсон Вильсон | "For his work on nuclei in dust-free air, and his work on ions in gases and atmospheric electricity" |
| 1912 | Уильям Дадделл | "For his investigations in technical electricity" |
| 1913 | Александер Грэм Белл | "For his share in the invention of the telephone, and more especially the construction of the telephone receiver" |
| 1914 | Джон Сили Таунсенд | "For his researches on electric induction in gases" |
| 1915 | Поль Ланжевен | "For his important contributions to, and pre-eminent position in, electrical science" |
| 1916 | Элиу Томсон | "For his researches in experimental electricity" |
| 1917 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Чарльз Гловер Баркла | "For his researches in connexion with X-ray radiation" |
| 1918 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Ирвинг Ленгмюр | "For his researches in molecular physics" |
| 1919 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his researches in terrestrial magnetism" |
| 1920 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Оуэн Уилланс Ричардсон | "For his work in experimental physics, and especially thermionics" |
| 1921 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Нильс Бор | "For his research in theoretical physics" |
| 1922 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Фрэнсис Уильям Астон | "For his discovery of isotopes of a large number of the elements by the method of positive rays" |
| 1923 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Роберт Эндрюс Милликен | "For his determination of the electronic charge and of other physical constants" |
| 1924 | ||
| 1925 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his determination of fundamental electrical units and for researches in technical electricity" |
| 1926 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his pioneer work in the scientific investigations of radiotelegraphy and its application to navigation" |
| 1927 | Уильям Дэвид Кулидж | "For his work on the X-rays and the development of highly efficient apparatus for their production" |
| 1928 | Морис де Бройль | "For his work on X-ray spectra" |
| 1929 | Ханс Гейгер | "For his invention and development of methods of counting alpha and beta particles" |
| 1930 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Чандрасекхара Венката Раман | "For his studies on the abnormal scattering of light" |
| 1931 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Уильям Лоренс Брэгг | "For his pioneer work on the elucidation of crystal structure by X-ray analysis" |
| 1932 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Джеймс Чедвик | "For his researches on radioactivity" |
| 1933 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Эпплтон Эдуард Виктор | "For his researches into the effect of the Heaviside layer upon the transmission of wireless signals" |
| 1934 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Карл Манне Георг Сигбан | "For his work as a physicist and technician on long-wave X-rays" |
| 1935 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Клинтон Джозеф Дэвиссон | "For his research that resulted in the discovery of the physical existence of electron waves through long-continued investigations on the reflection of electrons from the crystal planes of nickel and other metals" |
| 1936 | Вальтер Шоттки | "For his discovery of the Schrot Effect in thermionic emission and his invention of the screen-grid tetrode and a superheterodyne method of receiving wireless signals" |
| 1937 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Эрнест Орландо Лоуренс | "For his work on the development of the cyclotron and its application to investigations of nuclear disintegration" |
| 1938 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Джон Кокрофт Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Эрнест Уолтон |
"For their discovery that nuclei could be disintegrated by artificially produced bombarding particles" |
| 1939 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Джордж Паджет Томсон | "For his important discoveries in connexion with the diffraction of electrons by matter" |
| 1940 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Артур Холли Комптон | "For his discovery of the Compton Effect; and for his work on cosmic rays" |
| 1941 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Невилл Франсис Мотт | "For his fertile application of the principles of quantum theory to many branches of physics, especially in the fields of nuclear and collision theory, in the theory of metals and in the theory of photographic emulsions" |
| 1942 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Энрико Ферми | "For his outstanding contributions to the knowledge of the electrical structure of matter, his work in quantum theory, and his experimental studies of the neutron" |
| 1943 | Марк Олифант | "For his distinguished work in nuclear physics and mastery of methods of generating and applying high potentials" |
| 1944 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his fundamental contributions to the study of the structure and properties of surfaces, and for his important work on the electrical ignition of gases" |
| 1945 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his work on atmospheric electricity and of other physical researches" |
| 1946 | Джон Рэндалл | "For his distinguished researches into fluorescent materials and into the production of high frequency electro-magnetic radiation" |
| 1947 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Фредерик Жолио-Кюри | "For his distinguished contributions to nuclear physics, particularly the discovery of artificial radioactivity and of neutron emission in the fission process" |
| 1948 | Роберт Уотсон-Уотт | "For his distinguished contributions to atmospheric physics and to the development of radar" |
| 1949 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Сесил Фрэнк Пауэлл | "For his distinguished work on the photography of particle tracks, and in connexion with the discovery of mesons and their transformation" |
| 1950 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Макс Борн | "For his contributions to theoretical physics in general and to the development of quantum mechanics in particular" |
| 1951 | Хендрик Антони Крамерс | "For his distinguished work on the quantum theory, particularly its application to the optical and magnetic properties of matter" |
| 1952 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "particularly for his distinguished studies on the disintegration of atomic nuclei, particularly those using the Wilson cloud chamber technique" |
| 1953 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his important contributions to the development, both theoretical and experimental, of the physics of the Earth" |
| 1954 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Мартин Райл | "For his distinguished and original experimental researches in radio astronomy" |
| 1955 | Гарри Стюарт Мэсси | "For his distinguished contributions to atomic and molecular physics, particularly in regard to collisions involving the production and recombination of ions" |
| 1956 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his distinguished work in many fields: the melting point formula and theory of specific heats; ionisation of stars; meteors and temperature inversion in the stratosphere" |
| 1957 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his distinguished work on dynamical oceanography" |
| 1958 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his distinguished contributions to many branches of classical physics" |
| 1959 | Брайан Пиппард | "For his distinguished contributions in the field of low temperature physics" |
| 1960 | Джозеф Лейд Пози | "For his distinguished contributions to radio astronomy both in the study of solar and of cosmic ray emission" |
| 1961 | Алан Коттрелл | "For his distinguished work on the physical properties of metals, particularly in relation to mechanical deformation and to the effects of irradiation" |
| 1962 | Бребис Блини | "For his distinguished studies of electrical and magnetic phenomena and their correlation with atomic and molecular properties" |
| 1963 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For distinguished work on early computers" |
| 1964 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Абдус Салам | "For his distinguished contributions to quantum mechanics and the theory of fundamental particles" |
| 1965 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his distinguished experimental and theoretical investigation in nuclear structure and high energy physics" |
| 1966 | Николас Кеммер | "For his numerous discoveries of major importance in theoretical nuclear physics which he has made" |
| 1967 | Курт Мендельсон | "For his distinguished contributions to cryophysics, especially his discoveries in superconductivity and superfluidity" |
| 1968 | Фримен Дайсон | "For his distinguished fundamental work in theoretical physics, and especially on quantum electrodynamics" |
| 1969 | Николас Курти | "For his distinguished work in low-temperature physics and in thermodynamics" |
| 1970 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his distinguished contributions to theoretical atomic and molecular physics and its applications to atmospheric physics, plasma physics and astrophysics" |
| 1971 | Роберт Хэнбери Браун | "For his distinguished work in developing a new form of stellar interfrometer [sic], culminating in his observations of alpha virginis" |
| 1972 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Брайан Дэвид Джозефсон | "Particularly for his discovery of the remarkable properties of junctions between superconducting materials" |
| 1973 | Питер Хирш | "For his distinguished contributions to the development of the electron microscope thin film technique for the study of crystal defects and its application to a very wide range of problems in materials science and metallurgy" |
| 1974 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his outstanding contributions to cosmic ray and elementary particle physics" |
| 1975 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his distinguished contributions to the theory of the basic particles of matter" |
| 1976 | Стивен Хокинг | "For his distinguished contributions to the application of general relativity to astrophysics, especially to the behaviour of highly condensed matter" |
| 1977 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Энтони Хьюиш | "For his outstanding contributions to radioastronomy, including the discovery and identification of pulsars" |
| 1978 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his pioneering contributions to the science of X-ray crystallography, in which his work has made a profound impact on its development and application, and for his original contributions to lattice dynamics and its relation to phase transitions, which stimulated a new and fruitful field of results" |
| 1979 | Роберт Джозеф Патон Уильямс | "For his distinguished studies of the conformations of computer molecules in solution by the use of nuclear magnetic resonance" |
| 1980 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his ultra-precise measurements of the muon magnetic moment, a severe test of quantum electrodynamics and of the nature of the muon" |
| 1981 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Питер Хиггс и Томас Киббл | "For their international contributions about the spontaneous breaking of fundamental symmetries in elementary-particle theory" |
| 1982 | Шаблон:Нп5 и Шаблон:Нп5 | "For their elucidation of the magnetic properties of the ocean floors which subsequently led to the plate tectonic hypothesis" |
| 1983 | Джон Клайв Уорд | "For his highly influential and original contributions to quantum field theory, particularly the Ward identity and the Salam-Ward theory of weak interactions" |
| 1984 | Рой Керр | "For his distinguished work on relativity, especially for his discovery of the so-called Kerr Black Hole, which has been very influential" |
| 1985 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his contributions to theoretical particle and nuclear physics, and his discovery that particle-like entities simulating the properties of baryons can occur in non-linear meson field theories" |
| 1986 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For the creation of algorithms including MULTAN and SAYTAN which are used world-wide to solve the majority of reported crystal structures" |
| 1987 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his many important experimental investigations into the fundamental properties of semiconductors especially low-dimensional systems, where he has elucidated some of their unusual properties like electron localization and the Quantum Hall effects" |
| 1988 | Шаблон:Нп5 и Шаблон:Нп5 | "For their contributions to the theory of electron diffraction and microscopy, and its application to the study of lattice defects in crystals" |
| 1989 | Джон Стюарт Белл | "For his outstanding contributions to our understanding of the structure and interpretation of quantum theory, in particular demonstrating the unique nature of its predictions" |
| 1990 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his fundamental contributions to theoretical astrophysics including seminal theoretical studies of the role of electromagnetic induction in cosmic systems" |
| 1991 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his contributions in three main areas of science — nuclear physics, the discovery of gamma-ray resonances, and the use of colliding molecular beams to study chemical reactions" |
| 1992 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his theoretical research in atomic physics and leadership of the Opacity Project" |
| 1993 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his pioneering use of resonant scattering techniques to make extremely precise measures of Doppler velocity shifts in the solar photosphere" |
| 1994 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his many contributions to solid-state physics, in particular his ingenious and technically demanding experiment which verified the Ahoronov-Bohm effect concerning the behaviour of charged particles in magnetic fields" |
| 1995 | Дэвид Шёнберг | "For his work on the electronic structure of solids, in particular by exploiting low temperature techniques, particularly the De Haas Van Alphen effect, defining the Fermi surface of many metals" |
| 1996 | Дэвид Букингем | "For his contributions to chemical physics, in particular to long-range intermolecular forces, non-linear optics, problems related to the polarizability of the helium atom, the interpretation of NMR spectra, and the applications of ab initio computations" |
| 1997 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his fundamental work on X-ray diffraction physics and for his developments of the techniques of X-ray topography, in particular in studying defects in crystal structures" |
| 1998 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his distinguished experimental and theoretical investigations of the hydrodynamics of rotating fluids and the application of such basic studies to the understanding of motions in the atmosphere and interiors of the major planets" |
| 1999 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his landmark discoveries concerning the nature of active galactic nuclei, the physics of the intergalactic medium and of the interstellar gas in primordial galaxies. He is noted also for his exceptional contributions to the development of astronomical instrumentation including the Image Photon Counting System, a revolutionary electronic area detector for the detection of faint sources, which gave a major impetus to optical astronomy in the United Kingdom" |
| 2000 | Чинтамани Нагеса Рамачандра Рао | "For his contributions to the field of materials chemistry, in particular, in relation to studies of the electronic and magnetic properties of transition metal oxides and high temperature superconductors. His work has been an inspiration to a generation of Indian scientists" |
| 2001 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his contributions to the field of nanometre and atomic scale mechanics. He invented and developed the technique of nanoindentation thereby revolutionising the mechanical characterisation of ultra-small volumes of materials. This has had a major influence on those industries concerned with thin film and coating technologies" |
| 2002 | Александр Дальгарно | "For his contributions to the theory of atomic and molecular process, and in particular its application to astrophysics. His studies of energy depositions provide the key to understanding emissions from terrestrial aurorae, planetary atmospheres and comets" |
| 2003 | Питер Эдвардс | "For his distinguished work as a solid state chemist. He has made seminal contributions to fields including superconductivity and the behaviour of metal nanoparticles, and has greatly advanced our understanding of the phenomenology of the metal-insulator transition" |
| 2004 | Джон Кларк | "For his outstanding research, leading the world in the invention, building and development of innovative new Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices (SQUID), in their theory and in their application to a plethora of fundamental problems and their investigative tools." |
| 2005 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his contributions to the understanding of magnetohydrodynamics, especially to the mechanisms determining how magnetic fields can develop from a low background level to substantial amplitude." |
| 2006 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his work in the fundamental physics of electron transport and the creation of practical electronic devices which can be deployed in advanced systems." |
| 2007 | Артур Экерт | "For his pioneering work on quantum cryptography and his many important contributions to the theory of quantum computation and other branches of quantum physics." |
| 2008 | Мишель Доэрти | "For innovative use of magnetic field data that led to discovery of an atmosphere around one of Saturn's moons and the way it revolutionised our view of the role of planetary moons in the Solar System." |
| 2009 | ||
| 2010 | Шаблон:Нобелевская медаль Андрей Константинович Гейм | "For his revolutionary discovery of graphene, and elucidation of its remarkable properties" |
| 2011 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his highly influential discoveries in the synthetic chemistry of solid state electronic materials and novel microporous structures." |
| 2013 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his pioneering development of inkjet printing processes for organic semiconductor devices, and dramatic improvement of their functioning and efficiency." |
| 2015 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For many outstanding contributions to our understanding of the early Universe, in particular his pioneering computer simulations, observations of galaxy clustering and studies of the fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background." |
| 2017 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For distinguished work elucidating the fundamental chemistry underpinning energy storage." |
| 2018 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For his distinguished photochemical studies for the design solar energy devices." |
| 2019 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For the design and synthesis of new classes of organic materials with applications in energy storage, energy production and energy-efficient separations." |
| 2020 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For her pioneering work on the development and application of new characterization methodology to develop fundamental insight into how batteries, supercapacitors and fuel cells operate." |
| 2021 | Джон Ирвайн | "For the introduction of new concepts in Energy Materials science, including novel ionic conductors, electrodes for solid oxide fuel cells, alternative batteries and emergent nanomaterials." |
| 2022 | Шаблон:Нп5 | "For outstanding contributions to the deeper understanding of atomistic processes in new materials for use in energy applications, especially those related to lithium batteries and perovskite solar cells." |
Примечания
Ссылки
Шаблон:Медали и премии Лондонского королевского общества
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